For Deaf people, train travel can be a gamble. On an average day, nothing goes wrong: they catch their train to their destination and carry on with their business.
Author
Jessica Korte
Senior Lecturer, School of Computer Science, Queensland University of Technology
But when something out of the ordinary happens, the situation can quickly get scary, because most updates are only delivered by audio announcements. A Deaf traveller may miss their train because it was moved to a different platform, or watch as their station whizzes by because the train isn't stopping there today. They may also remain on a train carriage in an emergency after everyone else has evacuated, and have to be rescued by station staff.
Every single one of these examples has been drawn from the real life experiences of Deaf people in Sydney. But my colleagues and I are working with Sydney Trains and members of the Australian Deaf community to develop an advanced, artificial intelligence (AI)-powered signing avatar which can automatically translate audio announcements into Auslan.
Our work on the avatar also builds towards the next step: developing AI systems which can "understand" Auslan.
Journeys don't always go to plan
Earlier this year, my colleagues and I ran a pilot study with three Deaf train travellers in Sydney. As well as the stories they shared about what can go wrong during train travel, we learned they use tried and tested strategies for making their journeys go smoothly.
Their strategies might be familiar to regular commuters. For example, they would plan their journeys with an app, arrive early and look for signage to let them know if anything had changed.
But they also said they felt they needed to stand near information screens to watch for updates, and ask station staff or other passengers for information when the situation had changed. They also reported being hypervigilant while on the train, watching to make sure they don't miss their stop.
But these strategies didn't always ensure Deaf travellers received important information, including about emergencies. For example, while usually helpful, station staff were sometimes too busy to assist.
The greatest frustration came in situations where other passengers weren't willing or able to provide information, leaving our Deaf travellers to just "follow the crowd". This often meant ending up in the wrong place.
Developing a signing avatar
Speech-to-text software might seem like an easy solution to some of these problems. But for many Deaf people, English is not their native language and Auslan can be processed far more easily and quickly.
Our Deaf travellers told us that, in a perfect world, they would want live interpreters. However, automatic, AI-powered translation using a signing avatar displayed on a platform or train screen which could identify key words in an audio announcement, generate a sentence with correct Auslan grammar, and stitch together the corresponding signs from our vocabulary library was appealing for a number of reasons.
First, it allows for real-time translation of announcements that use known vocabulary - which is relevant in the trains-and-stations context, where many announcements cover similar topics.
Second, an avatar and its signing can be customised to the needs of a given situation, such as using information about screen location to ensure the avatar signs in the right direction while pointing out exits or other platforms.
Third, multiple signers can contribute signs to an avatar's vocabulary, which can then be smoothly stitched together to make a sentence.
And importantly, an avatar means no real person has to be the "face" of an organisation's automatically generated announcements. This is particularly important because the Australian Deaf community is small and close knit, and if something goes wrong with the translation, nobody suffers any reputational damage.
From a technical point of view, an avatar also allows us to ensure a minimum quality threshold for signing. We're using motion capture to make sure each sign in our vocabulary library is accurate, and movements are clear.
It also helps us avoid the "uncanny valley" - an effect where something human-like but subtly wrong is unsettling. We don't want any of the many-fingered monstrosities you may have seen recently generated by AI.
AI for everyone
This work is one step in our broader aim of creating an AI system which can understand Auslan. This AI could be used to help Deaf and hearing station staff converse, or to create "chatbot booths" or app-based assistants that would allow Deaf people to get information on demand in Auslan about their train journeys or other daily tasks.
Sign languages and Deaf cultures around the world have nuances and complexities that hearing researchers and developers of AI may not be aware of. These nuances and complexities must be embedded in new technologies, and researchers and developers must take a language-first approach to AI data collection and design with - not just for - Deaf people.
Only then will AI meet Deaf people's real needs: to ensure their safety and independence in every aspect of daily life.
Jessica Korte has received funding from Qvest Australia, a technology solutions partner to Sydney Trains.
