Archaeologists have identified a 4000-year-old goldworking toolkit amongst the grave goods from an important Bronze Age burial near Stonehenge.
The toolkit was found at the Upton Lovell G2a Bronze Age burial, which was excavated in 1801 and is now on display at the Wiltshire Museum in Devizes. Now, a team of researchers from the University of Leicester, working with experts from the University of Southampton, have re-examined the stone and copper-alloy grave goods found with the burial, revealing they are goldworking tools.
Dr Christina Tsoraki, Leicester, carried out wear-analysis of the grave goods at the museum in Devizes as part of the Leverhulme-funded 'Beyond the Three Age System' project. In the process, she noticed what appeared to be gold residues on their surfaces. It also became clear that the stone tools had been used for a range of different purposes – some were used like hammers and anvils whereas others had been used to smooth other materials.
Dr Tsoraki's findings prompted the team to work with Dr Chris Standish, an expert in Early Bronze Age goldworking, and Dr Richard Pearce, a specialist in Scanning Electron Microscopy, both from the University of Southampton. Together they looked at the residues using a Scanning Electron Microscope coupled to an Energy Dispersive Spectrometer to both confirm this identification, and investigate whether the residues were ancient or modern. Their research, published in the journal Antiquity, confirmed that gold residues are present on five artefacts. They also found that these residues are characterised by an elemental signature consistent with that of Bronze Age goldwork found throughout the UK.
The Upton Lovell G2a burial already held a special place in archaeological narratives. It's located near Stonehenge and marked with an earthen mound. Two individuals were buried at the site in association with a wide range of grave goods, including a large number of perforated bone points that are thought to have formed part of an elaborate costume. These objects were part of the landmark 'World of Stonehenge' exhibition at the British Museum, but are now back on display in Wiltshire.
Research by Dr Colin Shell in the 2000s identified possible gold traces on one of the stone grave goods. This new research has identified a further four stone objects with gold on their surfaces and characteristic wear traces, linking a wider suite of items from the burial to the goldworking process. It also demonstrates that these gold traces are ancient. The team suggests the tools were used to make multi-material objects where a core object was crafted in a material like jet, shale, amber, wood or copper and decorated with a thin layer of gold sheet.
The University of Southampton's Dr Chris Standish said: "Goldworking tools dating to the Early Bronze Age are extremely rare, so identifying a toolkit for creating composite gold objects is an extremely important discovery. The fact that it is associated with the enigmatic Upton Lovell G2a burial makes it all the more fascinating."
Lead author Dr Rachel Crellin, from the University of Leicester, added: "This is a really exciting finding for our project. At the recent 'World of Stonehenge' exhibition at the British Museum, we know that the public was blown away by the amazing 4000-year-old goldwork on display. What our work has revealed is the humble stone toolkit that was used to make gold objects thousands of years ago."
Lisa Brown, the curator at the Wiltshire Museum said: "We were delighted to be a part of the Beyond the Three Age System project. The man buried at Upton Lovell, close to Stonehenge, was a highly skilled craftsman, who specialised in making gold objects. His ceremonial cloak decorated with pierced animal bones, also hints that he was a spiritual leader, and one of the few people in the early Bronze Age who understood the magic of metalworking. New research like this, is invaluable in helping the museum to tell Wiltshire's ever-evolving story.
