In new research published in the journal Fuel , Baylor University researchers with the Cornerstone Atomization and Combustion Lab (CAC) have unveiled a pioneering method for the efficient combustion of biofuels, using a revolutionary Swirl Burst (SB) injector to burn glycerol/methanol blends with near-zero emissions. This new technology enables ultra-clean combustion for fuels that are typically difficult to burn due to their high viscosity.
The research is poised to make significant contributions to both academic research and industrial applications, setting a new standard for sustainable energy solutions.
"The current research demonstrates how viscous bio-waste can be transformed to clean energy by the Baylor combustion technology," said lead author Lulin Jiang, Ph.D. , principal investigator of the CAC Lab and assistant professor of mechanical engineering at Baylor, who 's School of Engineering and Computer Science.
Significance for biofuel industry, environmental impact
Conventional injectors struggle to burn glycerol – an abundant byproduct of biodiesel production – due to its high viscosity, though it has moderate energy density.
In contrast, the SB injector's ability to handle glycerol without requiring costly fuel preheating or processing could transform biofuel economics. The process allows the SB injector to achieve a complete and clean burn by producing fine droplets, significantly reducing emissions of harmful pollutants like carbon monoxide (CO) and nitrogen oxides (NOx).
Jiang said this novel technology also enables biodiesel producers to convert glycerol waste into a viable fuel source, promoting a circular economy and reducing the carbon footprint for generating power. The SB injector's flexibility allows the combustion of various glycerol/methanol ratios without hardware modifications, making it ideal for power plants aiming to meet stringent emissions regulations.
By pioneering innovative solutions to pressing global challenges, Jiang and her team exemplify Baylor's commitment to advancing knowledge for the betterment of society.
"Being able to transform waste, such as waste glycerol, into cost-effective renewable energy promotes energy resilience and energy equity for economically disadvantaged groups in a changing climate," Jiang said.
Testing fuel blends
The research team tested three different fuel blends – 50/50, 60/40 and 70/30 glycerol to methanol ratios by theoretical heat release rate – at multiple atomizing air-to-liquid mass ratios (ALR). All blends achieved over 90% combustion efficiency including complete combustion by the 50/50 blend, with near-zero CO and NOx emissions, even in non-preheated, uninsulated combustion setups. This is a significant improvement over conventional air-blast or pressure-swirl injectors, which often generate high emissions with high-viscosity fuels.
"The demonstrated high viscosity tolerance and fuel flexibility of the technology signifies that not only waste glycerol, but also the viscous source oils of biodiesel, and other waste-based bio-oils can be directly utilized for energy generation without further processing, significantly reducing biofuel cost and thus potentially stimulating its broad application," Jiang said.
The breakthrough could help reduce the biodiesel industry's environmental impact and improve cost-effectiveness.
NSF National I-Corps/NSF Civic Innovation Challenge
Jiang and her research team are members of the National Science Foundation's prestigious National Innovation Corps – or I-Corps ™ – program, which underscores the potential impact of their groundbreaking fuel-flexible combustion technology. Through the National I-Corps program, scientists and engineers are prepared to extend their focus beyond the university laboratory – accelerating the economic and societal benefits of NSF-funded and other basic research projects that are ready to move toward commercialization.
In a related NSF project, Baylor and the City of Waco are partnering on the NSF Civic Innovation Challenge Project to develop climate smart, waste energy, fuel combustion at the Waco Landfill to help reduce methane and other air pollutants and transform waste into clean energy. Baylor and Waco are among the 19 teams who advanced to the next stage of the NSFs Challenge, earning a $1 million pilot project grant with the hope of advancing to the next stage.
Funding
The current research is funded by the Startup fund of Baylor University, NSF CIVIC award No. 2228311 by U.S. National Science Foundation and NSF CIVIC award No. 2322319 co-funded by U.S. National Science Foundation and Department of Energy.
ABOUT THE CORNERSTONE ATOMIZATION AND COMBUSTION LAB
The vision of the Cornerstone Atomization and Combustion Lab at Baylor University is to develop the next generation of combustion systems that are highly efficient, compact, fuel-flexible, resilient and capable of achieving near-zero emissions for propulsion and power generation by leveraging a deep understanding of fundamental principles, pioneering design approaches and seamless integration with industry practices. Additionally, the Lab seeks to revolutionize spraying technology for diverse applications, enhancing efficiency and durability.
ABOUT THE AUTHORS
- Lulin Jiang, Ph.D., lead author and assistant professor in the Department of Mechanical Engineering at Baylor University's School of Engineering and Computer Science
- Timothy Hall, B.S.M.E. '23, member of the Cornerstone Atomization and Combustion Lab at Baylor University
- Derek Williams, B.S.M.E. '24, member of the Cornerstone Atomization and Combustion Lab at Baylor University
- S M Rafiul Islam, Ph.D. candidate in mechanical engineering and member of the Cornerstone Atomization and Combustion Lab at Baylor University
- Ishaan Patel, senior engineering major and member of the Cornerstone Atomization and Combustion Lab at Baylor University
- Caleb Chakmakjian, senior mechanical engineering major and member of the Cornerstone Atomization and Combustion Lab at Baylor University
ABOUT BAYLOR UNIVERSITY
Baylor University is a private Christian University and a nationally ranked Research 1 institution. The University provides a vibrant campus community for more than 20,000 students by blending interdisciplinary research with an international reputation for educational excellence and a faculty commitment to teaching and scholarship. Chartered in 1845 by the Republic of Texas through the efforts of Baptist pioneers, Baylor is the oldest continually operating University in Texas. Located in Waco, Baylor welcomes students from all 50 states and more than 100 countries to study a broad range of degrees among its 12 nationally recognized academic divisions. Learn more about Baylor University at www.baylor.edu .
ABOUT THE SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING AND COMPUTER SCIENCE AT BAYLOR UNIVERSITY
Baylor ECS is advancing as a premier School of Engineering and Computer Science in research and education with a commitment to Christian values. Majors include bioinformatics, computer science, data science, cybersecurity, computer engineering, electrical and computer engineering, general engineering and mechanical engineering. ECS offers a number of graduate and PhD programs. We stand out from the crowd through Christian commitment, R1 research, a strong community, personalized career support, expert accessibility, and leading practical experience. Visit the ECS website to learn more and follow on Instagram and Facebook .
