We've long been warned about the looming demise of traditional journalism in the face of digital disruption. But some tech giants, once the very disruptors themselves, have been positioning themselves as journalism's saviours.
Author
Mathias-Felipe de-Lima-Santos
Lecturer, Macquarie University
Programs such as the Google News Initiative promise not only to keep journalism alive, but by enabling innovation, to also help it adapt and thrive into the future.
Much of the media industry has welcomed this financial and technical support. For smaller, cash-strapped newsrooms, it can be life-changing.
But modern journalism is already heavily dependent on the platforms offered by big tech. Adding new financial dimensions to this relationship raises urgent questions about press independence.
We set out to explore how big tech's "philanthrocapitalism" could be reshaping the news industry, focusing on countries in the Global South, where such funding can play an outsized role.
Our findings suggest an emerging web of dependency between cash-strapped newsrooms and Silicon Valley's deep pockets. That offers some important lessons, both for media organisations and the tech giants themselves.
A double-edged sword
Big tech is now deeply enmeshed with modern journalism. Platforms such as Google and Facebook are at the heart of the way news is distributed, and new players like OpenAI are revolutionising the way we create content.
These companies admittedly provide vital digital infrastructure that has enabled much of the innovation we've seen in journalism over the past decade. But they're also the entities that disrupted the traditional news business model in the first place.
Google News Initiative's Innovation Challenge offers selected news organisations grants to explore new ways of incorporating technology into journalism.
Launched in 2018, it has provided about A$44 million for more than 200 projects in 47 countries.
To investigate the news-tech relationship further, we conducted 36 in-depth interviews with media organisations in Africa, Latin America and the Middle East that received grants as part of this program.
The regions included in our study are all part of what's known as the Global South, where relative political instability, the digital divide, limited funding and a lack of media literacy can all make news organisations more vulnerable to the influence of big tech.
Great ideas, tough to implement
Our study uncovered a wide range of exciting journalistic technology projects launched and funded by the Google News Initiative's Innovation Challenge. But many struggled to progress beyond the initial stages or sustain themselves long term.
In Brazil, for example, two promising projects were ultimately discontinued.
The Lume app, developed in partnership with nine independent journalism organisations, was designed to make local news more accessible for people with vision impairments. Another, ConfereAI, used artificial intelligence to help users fact check the accuracy of links and short texts.
Both projects got off to a promising start. However, for financial and technical reasons, their development could not be sustained after launch.
Across all of our respondents, three-quarters expressed difficulties implementing new technology. Many said they simply lacked the resources or expertise. This can create a cycle of dependency on further funding or support.
News and technology aren't an easy cultural fit
We also found many news organisations were outsourcing technical development to companies and individuals based outside their own country, such as the United States, Canada or in the European Union.
That might save money and time in the short term. But as a broader trend, it raises serious concerns about how well newsrooms are being empowered to build their own capabilities, and the potential for new forms of "digital colonialism".
Those that did try to hire locally faced their own challenges. Many media organisations, especially in Africa, struggled to pay high enough salaries to attract required tech talent.
Tech companies typically offer higher pay than many of these newsrooms can afford, often in foreign currencies like dollars or euros.
Some success stories
That isn't to say there weren't any success stories. Google even encouraged some organisations to plan for long term sustainability early on, including Stears, a legacy media company in Nigeria.
Stears' project proposed developing an easy-to-use subscription management service. This would allow African publishers to implement paywalls and monetise their audiences without needing technical expertise.
Stears acknowledged the benefits of Google's advice to plan for the long term.
If sustainability wasn't a major consideration from the beginning, things could have been different … because the Google team encouraged us to prioritize sustainability from the outset, it will be a matter of returning to our normal day-to-day operations and aligning our expenses accordingly.
But this was unfortunately not a reality for many other projects that were ultimately discontinued. At least eight projects from the organisations we interviewed were phased out or never made publicly available.
Big tech is under pressure
Google has been criticised for profiting from news without paying for it. By promoting technological innovation in media, Google is positioning itself as a "philanthrocapitalist" organisation.
Its initiatives are presented as support for the news industry, and help build goodwill among journalists, media organisations and policymakers. But we should be sceptical, because this strategy also serves Google's broader interests.
If being seen to fund innovation and training programs can deliver a more favourable regulatory environment, it might ultimately help the tech giant avoid stricter regulations forcing direct payments to news publishers.
Regulators around the world are increasingly throwing their weight behind such proposals. But in many regions, including Brazil, Google has been pushing back hard.
Journalism must embrace tech, but carefully
To survive, journalism must continue to embrace technology. But doing so should never cost newsrooms their independence.
News organisations should prioritise building direct relationships with their audience to reduce reliance on third-party platforms. They should also stay informed about evolving regulations, and actively participate in policy discussions shaping the future of the news-tech relationship.
Google itself can still make a positive contribution to journalism. But our findings suggest that to enhance this program, Google should broaden its funding criteria to support a more diverse range of news organisations over a longer time period.
Support should also be extended beyond technological innovations to encompass newsroom operations and other journalistic projects.
Mathias-Felipe de-Lima-Santos has received funding from the University of Amsterdam's RPA Human(e) AI and by the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programs No 951911 (AI4Media). The Conversation receives funding from Google negotiated under the Australian Government's News Media Bargaining Code. It has also previously received grant funding from Google.
