No one likes to feel like they're not getting the respect or courtesy they deserve. Think about the last time you felt talked down to, or treated as inferior, or got worse customer service than another person in line.
But by the time most Americans reach adulthood, Blacks may have developed better coping skills for these disappointments than their white counterparts, potentially limiting the toll such experiences take on their mental health.
That's one of the key takeaways of a Duke University study looking at how young men and women in the U.S. react to perceived slights, microaggressions, and other day-to-day indignities.
"What this study shows is that, by early adulthood, Black men and women have already developed certain resiliency and coping strategies," said first author Imari Smith, a doctoral candidate in Duke's Joint Program in Sociology and Public Policy.
Smith and Duke professor of sociology and global health Jen'nan Read present the findings in the journal Social Science & Medicine.
In a study published June 24, the researchers pulled data from a University of Michigan study of young adults called the Panel Study of Income Dynamics Transitioning to Adulthood Supplement to compare the effects of everyday discrimination on mental health among 3,894 people aged 18 to 28.
In 2017 and 2019, each participant answered questions about how often they experienced various subtle forms of bias or mistreatment in their everyday lives, ranging from getting poor customer service in stores or restaurants to feeling like their intelligence or trustworthiness was being questioned.
The majority of young adults surveyed said they found themselves in situations like these at one time or another. Among those who experienced such incidents, Black men and women reported facing them more often than whites, at least once a week.
Each participant also answered questions about their mental well-being, such as how often they felt sad, nervous, hopeless, or worthless. The results suggest that, by the time people emerge from their teen years, even seemingly small snubs, if left unchecked, can have negative effects on mental health.
"Everyday discrimination -- or even just a perception of it -- can have real implications," Smith said.
Overall, people who felt treated with less courtesy, respect, or trust had higher levels of anxiety and depression. But the mental health effect was lower for Blacks than whites, particularly white men. In other words, whites found being on the receiving end of such experiences more psychologically distressing.
"This is not to say that discrimination is more harmful for white men," Smith said.
Rather, the findings indicate that white young adults may be less resilient than their Black counterparts, or less able to recover mentally and emotionally when such things do occur.
One potential explanation is such experiences are more distressing to those who interpret them to mean that their place in the social hierarchy is threatened. This is what's known as "status threat."
The difference in resilience between Blacks and whites may also be due to differences in exposure, the researchers said.
"Discrimination is considered a social stress," Smith said. That stress may be more debilitating to people who haven't dealt with it as much or lack the tools to manage it.
Whereas for Blacks, certain forms of discrimination are more of an everyday reality. "It's not a new stressor," Read said.
By the time they're young adults, Blacks may have developed strategies to recognize and respond to perceived unfairness that whites lack.
"Discrimination hurts everybody," Read added. "Whether you're white, Black, male or female, the effects of the discrimination can really get to you mentally."
What this study shows is "the psychological effects of discrimination start to emerge early in life," Smith said. "But exposure causes people to develop coping mechanisms that can reduce the harms."
CITATION: "Racial and Gender Differences in Discrimination and Psychological Distress Among Young Adults," Imari Z. Smith and Jen'nan G. Read. Social Science & Medicine, June 24, 2024. DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2024.117070
