Surgery can mend congenital heart defects shortly after birth, but those babies will carry a higher risk of heart failure throughout the rest of their lives. Yet, according to a Science Translational Medicine study published today by UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh researchers, β-blockers could supplement surgery to regenerate infant heart muscle and mitigate the lasting effects of congenital heart disease.
"The question is no longer 'can we save this baby?'" said senior author Bernhard Kühn, M.D., associate professor of pediatrics at the University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine and director of the Pediatric Institute for Heart Regeneration and Therapeutics at UPMC Children's Hospital. "The challenge for our young patients is that we want to enable them to have a long lifespan, ideally as long as a person without heart disease."For a relatively common congenital heart defect called Tetralogy of Fallot, treatment typically involves surgery at around 3-6 months of age, which is incidentally when heart muscle cells — cardiomyocytes — are at peak production. Decreased heart function during the first few months may be causing these infants to miss an essential opportunity to build heart muscle.
Kühn's team collected heart tissue from 12 infants who underwent corrective surgery for Tetralogy of Fallot, and found that more than half of the cardiomyocytes in these samples had started to divide but then got stalled midway through the process, like conjoined twins. The ultimate result was fewer cardiomyocytes overall, which makes the heart more vulnerable to damage later on."By the time our surgeons operate on these patients, the horse is already out of the barn," Kühn said. "Our data show that they have up to 30% fewer cardiomyocytes than a normal infant has at this age. That's significant. To put that in context, an adult's heart attack can destroy up to 30% of cardiomyocytes."
Through a series of experiments in human and mouse tissue, the researchers traced this cell division failure back to β-adrenergic receptors.
The natural next step was to ask whether the β-adrenergic receptor blocker propranolol — a common blood pressure medication — could stimulate proper cell division in infants wth congenital heart defects and improve heart function.
Indeed, in the heart tissue samples taken from infants with Tetralogy of Fallot, propranolol enabled dividing cells to separate properly.
And in mice, propranolol treatment during the first weeks of life allowed for better recovery from heart attacks in adulthood. Compared to untreated controls, mice who were given propranolol as pups retained 30% more cardiomyocytes and were able to eject 24% greater blood volume following a heart attack.
According to Kühn, having such promising results with a tried-and-true drug like propranolol means the pathway to clinical translation could be relatively quick."This all comes together in a very applicable way," Kühn said. "Propranolol was synthesized nearly 60 years ago, so we're able to bypass a lot of the ground work that would have to be done if we had identified a receptor that doesn't have a drug for it."
Other authors on the study include Honghai Liu, Ph.D., Niyatie Ammanamanchi, M.S., Christopher Lewarchik, Ph.D., Krithika Rao, Ph.D., Lu Han, Ph.D., Dean Yimlamai, M.D., Ph.D., Balakrishnan Ganapathy, M.S., Nathalie Chen, Kathryn Little, M.A., R.N., Kimberly Francis, Melita Viegas, M.D., Dennis Kostka, Ph.D., Mousumi Moulik, M.D., Jennifer Johnson, D.O., Jacqueline Weinberg, M.D., Miguel Reyes-Múgica, M.D., of UPMC Children's Hospital and Pitt; Cheng-Hai Zhang, Ph.D., Sangita Suresh, Ph.D., Gerrida Uys, Ph.D., Maryline Abrial, Ph.D., Sangita Choudhury, Ph.D., Stuart Walsh, Ph.D., of Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard University; Christelle Guillermier, Ph.D., Matthew Steinhauser, M.D., of Brigham & Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School; Mugdha Khaladkar, Ph.D., Jennifer Spaethling, Ph.D., James Eberwine, Ph.D., Junhyong Kim, Ph.D., of University of Pennsylvania; Mahesh Sharma, M.D., of the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill; Jun Ding, Ph.D., Ziv Bar-Joseph, Ph.D., of Carnegie Mellon University; and Abha Bais, Ph.D., Yijen Wu, Ph.D., Vijay Yechoor, M.D., of Pitt.
This work was supported by the National Institutes of Health (grants R01HL106302 and UL1TR001857), Foundation Leducq (grant 15CVD03), Children's Cardiomyopathy Foundation, Children's Hopsital of Pittsburgh Foundation, Heartfest and the Pennsylvania Department of Health.
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CAPTION: β-blockers Build Heart Muscle: A 60-year-old drug could lengthen life for kids with congenital heart defects.
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CAPTIONS:
#1 Kühn lab research group (L to R): Honghai Liu, Ph.D., Jocelyn Basso, Lu Han, Ph.D., Niyatie Ammanamanchi, M.S., Bernhard Kühn, M.D.
#2 Bernhard Kühn, M.D., associate professor, pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh, and director, Pediatric Institute for Heart Regeneration and Therapeutics, UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh.
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