Edson Smith Photo Collection/Courtesy of the Santa Barbara Public Library
During California's early years, occasional poll taxes effectively suppressed the vote.
A new report by the UCLA Luskin Center for History and Policy takes a historical view to understand why, in 2020, the electorate in California remains so demographically and socioeconomically skewed.
The authors contend that while vote-by-mail, near-automatic voter registration, a vote-by-mail ballot tracing system and other practices have, on the surface, granted voting rights for all Californians, the vote is still being functionally suppressed by longstanding inequities.
Despite persistent statewide policy efforts to increase voting access since 1960, voter registration and turnout are lower among people of color than among white people, the report notes. And California voters today — especially those who vote by mail — tend to be older, wealthier and whiter than the state's overall population. For example, in Los Angeles County, wealthier and whiter districts cast as many as 40% more votes than those with heavily Latino and working-class populations.
The paper suggests that ongoing bias — including factors like gerrymandering and the disenfranchisement of former felons who are on parole — may explain part of that phenomenon. (If it passes in November, however, California's Proposition 17 would enable people on parole for felony convictions to vote.)
The disparities also stem from a lack of civic education in underrepresented communities, as well as a dearth of engagement by political candidates in those communities. The authors contend that all of those factors inhibit people from marginalized groups from any form of political participation, including signing petitions or contacting public officials.
"Notwithstanding the efforts of the past 60 years, California still has work to do," said Alisa Belinkoff Katz, the report's lead author and a fellow at the center, which is housed in the UCLA College. "California's electorate does not reflect the diversity of its population. We can only meet the present moment if we understand and eliminate policies that have historically restricted the franchise."
For the first hundred years after 1850, when California became a state, voting laws limited access to the franchise, in effect suppressing the vote of poor and minority populations. The state passed several such policies during the late 1800s, including English literacy tests. Poll taxes were levied occasionally, further suppressing the vote during California's early years. And the federal government banned citizenship for Native Americans and Chinese immigrants, excluding them from the franchise altogether.
Later, California implemented stringent voter registration rules that made voting more difficult for people with lower incomes and those who didn't own property.
After World War II, however, state officials worked both to overturn discriminatory policies and make it easier to register and vote, establishing more convenient voting locations, launching voter registration drives and expanding absentee voting.
But the study reinforces the reality that structural inequality still keeps many Californians from participating in the political process.
"California, and American society at large, must reckon with and overturn the racial and socioeconomic barriers that discourage or prevent large numbers of eligible voters form voting," said David Myers, a UCLA professor of history and director of the Luskin Center.
Other key takeaways from the report:
- California enacted voter registration — requiring a settled address — in 1866. This limited access to the vote for the working class, poor, immigrants and racial minorities.
- From the 1890s to 1924, voter turnout in presidential elections dropped dramatically across the United States, from around 80% of eligible voters to just 49%, in part because of voter registration laws.
- California suppressed the vote with an 1899 law requiring voters to re-register every two years. The state passed a law establishing permanent voter registration in 1930, but that law also included tactics to purge voters from the rolls.
- A law allowing absentee voting barely passed in 1922 after failing three previous times. But access to absentee voting was limited until the late 1960s and only expanded to all voters in 1978.
- An English literacy requirement for voting lasted until the early 1970s. It was rarely applied to Italian-, Japanese- or Yiddish-speaking immigrants, but it was often used to exclude Spanish-speaking Mexican Americans.
Katz is also associate director of the Los Angeles Initiative at the UCLA Luskin School of Public Affairs. The research team also included Zev Yaroslavsky, a senior fellow at the center; Izul de la Vega, a UCLA doctoral student; Saman Haddad, a UCLA undergraduate; and Jeanne Ramin, a recent UCLA graduate. As part of their research, the authors interviewed California Secretary of State Alex Padilla and Los Angeles County Registrar-Recorder/County Clerk Dean Logan, two of the state's most important elections officials.
