Seven million Australians live in rural and remote areas and many struggle to access the same quality of health care as those in metropolitan areas.
Authors
- Olivia Fisher
Senior Research Fellow, Applied Implementation Science, Charles Darwin University
- Caroline Grogan
Research Fellow, Health Services, The University of Queensland
- Kelly McGrath
PhD Candidate/Health and Health Services Researcher, Charles Darwin University
More than 18,000 Australians have no access to primary health care services within an hour's drive time from their home, and many are hours or even multiple days' drive from their closest major hospital. Travel to a major city to access health care is costly and time-consuming.
Rural Australians have almost A$850 less spent on their health per year than those in major cities.
People living in rural and remote Australia have substantially higher levels of preventable hospitalisations, burden of disease, and avoidable deaths. This leaves a gap in median life expectancy between people in very remote areas and major cities of 13 years for men and 16 years for women.
Our new research shows clinicians and health care decision-makers are willing to accept a lower standard of care for people outside of major cities because they consider it better than nothing.
Relying on what they have
Our research investigated Queensland clinicians' and health care decision-makers' perspectives on virtual health care as a means to improve access to care.
We also asked about what constitutes acceptable quality and standards for rural patients.
Although we used virtual health care as an example, the results are indicative of a broader issue.
What is virtual health care? What are its pros and cons?
"Virtual health care" is more than just telehealth. It includes:
hospital in the home . A nurse will visit a patient in their home to provide treatments such as intravenous antibiotics, coupled with telehealth consultations with a doctor. This model of care can achieve similar outcomes to those at traditional hospitals
virtual wards , such as influenza or COVID wards. These wards involve a patient in their home, and combination of telehealth, remote monitoring devices such as pulse oximeters, and face-to-face care from visiting clinicians if required.
virtual emergency departments . These support patients who can be safely and effectively managed at home. Emergency doctors and nurses provide guidance and identify which patients need to present to a traditional emergency department.
Virtual health care can minimise travel time to major cities, keeping patients better connected with their family and community while undergoing treatment.
However, virtual health care is not currently suitable for patients who require intensive care, some types of physical procedures, or for patients at high risk of complications.
Virtual services need to be well-designed, with appropriately trained clinicians, and consider what can and cannot be accomplished remotely.
When virtual health care isn't well designed, and clinicians aren't adequately trained, it can result in poor patient outcomes. As one doctor explained:
I can catalogue just over the last month, I've seen errors in telehealth […] They've missed pneumonia, they've missed kidney stones, they've missed a bowel obstruction, they've missed an ischaemic valve, they've missed an MI [myocardial infarction]. You know, all because they think they can do all these things on telehealth […].
Our research
We interviewed 26 clinicians (such as doctors and nurses) and executive leaders from private, not-for-profit hospitals and aged care services in metropolitan, regional, rural and remote Queensland in 2023.
Most participants expressed reticence towards using telehealth and other forms of virtual health care for people in major cities who can readily access traditional hospitals and providers face-to-face.
They felt safety and care standards would be inferior to traditional inpatient care.
However, they said virtual health care - even if it was a lower standard to traditional hospitals - was better than nothing. As one doctor and health service leader said:
there's no other choice is there, so you just do it that way.
Another doctor and health service leader explained:
But we would use it for sure. I mean especially those days when we get, you know, which is becoming more and more common where the hospital rings down there's no beds. There's no beds and you're like, well, what do I do now I've got ten people here and nowhere to send them.
Towards more equitable care for rural patients
Sub-standard health care will not bring health outcomes and life-expectancy of people in rural and remote areas up to parity - it will merely reinforce current inequities.
We need to design health services that improve both quality and access. Taking health-care models that work in our major cities and rolling them out in rural areas doesn't work. We need tailored, creative solutions that meet the same standards we would expect in a city.
In addition to increasing and improving access to virtual health care, we also need to:
attract and retain a rural health workforce of experienced practitioners to provide face-to-face services
design health services in conjunction with the community to ensure they suit local needs and conditions
address state and federal government funding issues that impact the sustainability and capacity for innovation of rural health services.
An unconscious willingness to accept better than nothing is simply not good enough for the millions of Australians who live outside of major cities.
Olivia Fisher receives funding from UnitingCare Queensland.
Caroline Grogan receives funding from UnitingCare Queensland and the Irene Patricia Hunt Memorial Trust.
Kelly McGrath receives funding from the Australian Government Department of Industry, Science and Resources via an Elevate Scholarship, Wesley Research Institute, UnitingCare Queensland, Mitsubishi Development, and the Catalano Family Foundation.
