Exercising is healthy, but not always appealing. Research led by Guadalupe Sabio from the National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO) may have found a switch that activates the desire to get moving, as it shows that during exercise the muscle activates proteins which encourage further activity. The paper is published in Science Advances.
"We have discovered how muscle itself regulates interest in exercise through a signalling pathway between muscle and brain that we didn't know about, and which is one of those responsible – as there must be several – for the fact that, when we exercise, we experience the impulse to train even more," explains Sabio, head of CNIO's Interaction between Organs in Metabolic Diseases Group .
The article also shows that the proteins produced by the muscle through exercise regulate each other. Thus, they prevent the desire to exercise from eventually harming the body.
The results are based on data obtained in animal models and also in humans (volunteers who performed controlled exercise, and patients with obesity). This suggests the identified signaling pathway "plays a crucial role in regulating physical activity in both mice and humans", and "highlights the potential therapeutic significance of this pathway in treating obesity and metabolic diseases", write the authors in Science Advances.
First co-authors of the study are Leticia Herrera and Cintia Folgueira, researchers at the National Center for Cardiovascular Research (CNIC).
Three proteins that influence the desire for physical activity
The group observed that when muscles contract repeatedly and intensely, due to exercise, the pathways of two proteins of the same family are activated: p38α and p38γ. Interest in physical activity is greater or lower depending on how much each of these two proteins is activated, the study shows.
There is also a third protein involved: interleukin 15 (IL-15). The authors observed that activation of p38γ by exercise induces the production of IL-15, and that this protein has a direct effect on the part of the cerebral cortex that controls movement, the motor cortex. The increase of interleukin 15 in blood functions as a signal to the brain to enhance motor activity, which makes the animals to voluntarily become more active.
"In this study, we revealed that exercise-induced activation of muscle p38γ leads to the production of IL-15, which subsequently enhances spontaneous physical activity. Furthermore, we observed the presence of this p38γ/IL-15 axis in humans after exercise, underscoring the clinical relevance of this signaling pathway in promoting exercise behavior within the population", say the authors.
The effect of regular training
When animals were made to exercise on a regular basis, the activation of p38γ was also higher than that of p38α. This leads the research team to posit that training itself keeps the desire to exercise going.
In animals fed a high-fat diet and obese, regular exercise was beneficial: it improved metabolism and reduced the tendency towards diabetes and fat accumulation, especially in the liver.
In humans
In humans it was observed that both p38 proteins are activated in muscles that were exercised with an increasing intensity. A rise in IL-15 blood levels were also detected, with obese patients showing lower values.
This link with obesity is key, authors say, this disease being the most common metabolic disorder worldwide. Regular exercise is considered an effective strategy for both obesity prevention and treatment.
"The correlation between p38γ activation in human muscle during acute exercise and increased blood IL-15 levels highlights the potential therapeutic significance of this pathway in treating obesity and metabolic diseases", write the authors on their paper.
A biomarker for the eagerness to train
For Sabio, one of the next steps will be to confirm that IL-15 is indeed a blood marker of the desire to exercise. Once this has been proved, "you would be able to study whether different types of exercises (weights, running, CrossFit…) stimulate this axis differently, and also if it has the same effect on obese and non-obese people. That can help coaches and personal trainers design their programmes more efficiently."
She adds that "we could even think about creating an IL-15 drug for people who are more in need of the positive effects of physical exercise, and less likely to do or maintain it. For example, people with obesity."
Guadalupe Sabio is already planning to use this model to try to better determine the relationship between exercise, longevity and cancer and discover the mechanisms that regulate it.
