There is a long-established and widely recognized link between declines in sensory acuity - particularly hearing and vision - and cognition. Data from the Canadian Longitudinal Study on Aging (CLSA), involving tens of thousands of participants across the country aged 45 to 85, backs this up.
A recent study led by Montreal researchers asks why this relationship exists. Concordia's Natalie Phillips and her colleagues found that poor hearing especially was linked to declines in memory and executive function in otherwise relatively healthy, autonomous, community-dwelling older adults.
Their paper, published in the journal Scientific Reports, asks if social factors - loneliness, depression and so on - also play a role in cognitive decline.
"We really want to look at individuals who have more restricted social networks and less social support," says Phillips, professor of psychology in the Faculty of Arts and Science and the paper's co-author. "Are the ones who are getting less brain stimulation and less social enrichment experiencing poorer cognition?"
Phillips says they really did not find strong evidence of that.
"All we can say at this point is that individuals who have poorer sensory abilities have poorer cognitive abilities, and we can't explain it by more restricted social networks or social functioning."
The isolation facing many older adults due to the COVID-19 lockdown may have other negative impacts on their cognition, she adds.
The study's research team consisted of Phillips, Walter Wittich at the Université de Montréal, Kathleen Pichora-Fuller at the University of Toronto and Paul Mick at the University of Saskatchewan. The study's lead author, Anni Hämäläinen, was a postdoctoral fellow working with the team.
Looking for the why
The authors examined data the CLSA collected between 2012 and 2015. None of the respondents lived in institutions or suffered from any kind of cognitive impairment. The researchers also controlled for other factors, such as age, gender, education and health status. They found the relationship between sensory acuity and cognitive function was strong in all circumstances.
"We wanted to know why this relationship between our sensory and cognitive abilities exists," Phillips explains.
She lists four hypotheses. First is a common cause of deterioration: as individuals get older, their cognition simply deteriorates along with their hearing and vision.
A second hypothesis posits that sensory difficulty leads to poor-quality information entering the brain. Over the long term, poor-quality information leads to poorer cognitive functioning.
A third idea relies on resource expenditure. If your brain is expending a lot of energy trying to understand what is being said or what is being presented visually, there will be relatively fewer resources available to process that information cognitively.
The researchers were unable to test these first three hypotheses because they need longitudinal follow-up baseline data to compare with these baseline results. However, they were able to test the fourth hypothesis, which looks at the established link between sensory decline and negative social outcomes such as the potential for increased depression and social withdrawal and isolation.
"It becomes hard to navigate your world," explains Phillips. "Going out to social activities or maintaining conversations becomes complicated. So we wanted to test whether this relationship between sensory function and cognition was mediated by limitations in someone's social network." In the end, the researchers did not find this to be the case.
MoCA and COVID-19
Phillips says the COVID-19 pandemic has revealed the huge challenges faced by older adults with sensory loss and their health-care providers who have to navigate a new reality.
Immediately after lockdown measures began in Canada, she and her colleagues at Concordia engaged in knowledge translation activities, including a series of letters to the editor of the prestigious Journal of the American Geriatrics Society and webinars. Their goal was to guide health-care workers who were adapting cognitive screening measures on the fly. They focused on the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA), the globally used cognitive screening test, including recently by US President Donald Trump.
Phillips was one of the primary developers of the test along with Ziad Nasreddine of the Université de Sherbrooke and Howard Chertkow, then of McGill University. She says MoCA is a good teaching example of how to continue to perform cognitive assessments under challenging conditions.
They highlighted the disadvantages older adults with sensory loss may experience when the MoCA is given over the telephone or when health-care workers wear masks and important visual speech cues are lost.
"We hope we provide helpful guidance on how to adapt the test and the importance of clinical judgement during these challenging times."
This study received funding from the Canadian Consortium on Neurodegeneration in Aging, the Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR) and the Réseau québécois de recherche sur le vieillissement.
Read the cited paper: "Sensory-cognitive associations are only weakly mediated or moderated by social factors in the Canadian Longitudinal Study on Aging."
