A new experimental study has found that fostering critical thinking can be an effective method to reduce people's tendency to believe in conspiracy theories.
Led by researchers at University College Cork (UCC), the study is the first to directly compare methods that are used to reduce people's belief in unfounded conspiracy theories.
The study found that many well-established interventions have either no effect or a negative effect on participants' ability to correctly reason about conspiracy theories.
Conspiracy theories have transitioned from fringe phenomena to forces shaping political discourse and public opinion worldwide. Although holding conspiracy beliefs can have a detrimental impact on personal health, social connection, public health and public democratic citizenship, little research has been conducted to testing the methods that could reduce conspiracy beliefs.
Identifying conspiracy theories
Researchers found that existing methods to reduce belief in conspiracy theories often encourage people to simply dismiss all conspiracies rather than discerning which information is likely to be true from the majority that is not.
Researchers identified a new approach that improves people's critical thinking and allows participants to distinguish between plausible and implausible conspiracy theories more effectively.
The study is the first to assess how people use critical theory specifically for conspiracies, using a tool called the Critical Thinking about Conspiracies assessment (CTAC), rather than only measuring their belief in specific conspiracies such as the faking of the moon landings. The CTAC allowed researchers to see how people reason about conspiracy theories versus whether they merely believe in them, which gave researchers a better understanding of their underlying thinking process.
Critical thinking about conspiracies
Critical thinking skills and an analytical mindset are the most effective means of challenging conspiracy beliefs.
Cian O'Mahony, UCC School of Applied Psychology and study lead researcher, said: "Events like Watergate and Tuskegee Syphilis Study show us that sometimes conspiracies can happen. It is important that we are not just teaching people to reject everything that is labelled as a conspiracy theory. Our study introduces a new approach that encourages careful judgment and cautions against automatic scepticism. Our new intervention, which reminds people not to reject an idea just because it's labelled a conspiracy, and discouraged blind scepticism, successfully helped participants better distinguish between plausible and implausible conspiracy theories."
"Our results suggest that current techniques used widely by psychologists improve people's critical thinking about implausible conspiracy theories but don't help as much with plausible ones. As such, these interventions may be merely encouraging blind rejection of all conspiracy theories," Cian said. Researchers recommend that future studies focus on both measuring discernment of conspiracy theories and design interventions that encourage discernment over blind skepticism.
This work was funded by the Irish Research Council, in partnership with Google, through the Irish Research Council and Google Ireland Online Content Safety Scholarship
