New research published today in Nature from an international research team - including researchers from La Trobe University's Department of Archaeology and History and the University of Melbourne's School of Earth Sciences - is the first to provide a comprehensive timeline for early human evolution within the Cradle of Humankind in South Africa.
Led by the University of Cape Town, the research also sheds light on the climate conditions of our earliest ancestors in the area.
Up until now, the lack of dating methods for Cradle fossils made it difficult for scientists to understand the relationship between East and South Africa hominin species. Moreover, the South African record has often been considered undateable compared to East Africa where volcanic ash layers allow for high resolution dating.
Professor Andy Herries, who has conducted research and excavations at many of the sites dated noted that, "while the South African record was the first to show Africa as the origin point for humans, the complexity of the caves and difficulty dating them has meant that the South African record has remained hard to interpret."
"In this study we show that the flowstones in the caves can act almost like the volcanic layers of East Africa, forming in different caves at the same time, allowing us to directly relate their sequences and fossils into a regional sequence," Professor Herries said.
Professor Jon Woodhead from the University of Melbourne said the research findings show that
"the Cradle caves date to just six specific time periods between about 3.2 and 1.3 million years ago,"
Lead researcher from the University of Cape Town, Dr Robyn Pickering, said: "Unlike previous dating work, which often focused on one cave, sometimes even just one chamber of the cave, we are providing direct ages for eight caves and a model to explain the age of all the fossils from the entire region.
"Now we can link together the findings from separate caves and create a better picture of evolutionary history in southern Africa."
The Cradle of Humankind is a World Heritage Site made up of complex fossil-bearing caves. It's the world's richest early hominin site and home to nearly 40 per cent of all known human ancestor fossils, including the famous Australopithecus africanus skull nicknamed Mrs Ples.
Using state-of-the-art uranium-lead dating developed at the University of Melbourne, researchers analysed 28 flowstone layers that were found sandwiched between fossil-rich sediment in eight caves across the Cradle. The results revealed that the fossils in these caves date to six narrow time-windows between 3.2 and 1.3 million years ago.
"The flowstones are the key," Dr Pickering said.
"We know that significant flowstones only grow in caves during wet periods, when there is more rain outside the caves. By dating the flowstones, we are picking out these times of increased rainfall. We therefore know that during the times in between, when the caves were open, the climate was drier and more like what we currently experience."
This means the early hominins living in the Cradle experienced big changes in local climate, from wetter to drier conditions, at least six times between 3 and 1 million years ago. However, the human fossils are only preserved during the drier periods preserved in the caves, skewing the record of early human evolution.
This new paper, funded in part by Dr Pickering's and Prof. Herries' ARC DECRA and Future Fellowships, is the result of over a decade of work and brings together a team of 10 scientists from Australia, South Africa and the US. The bulk of the dating analysis was done at the University of Melbourne, which remains a world leader in this type of dating analysis. These results return the Cradle to the forefront and open new opportunities for scientists to answer complex questions about human history in the region.
"Robyn and her team have made a major contribution to our understanding of human evolution," said leading palaeoanthropologist Professor Bernard Wood, of the Center for the Advanced Study of Human Paleobiology at the George Washington University in the USA, who is not an author on the study.
"This is the most important advance to be made since the fossils themselves were discovered. Dates of fossils matter a lot. The value of the southern African evidence has been increased many-fold by this exemplary study of its temporal and depositional context."
