Dutch Landscape Suffers Loss of Insect-Pollinated Plants

The Netherlands is losing plant species that rely on pollination by insects. Leiden environmental scientist Kaixuan Pan demonstrates this after analysing 87 years of measurements from over 365,000 plots. The news is alarming for our biodiversity and food security. '75 per cent of our crops and 90% of the wild plants rely on insects.'

We've known for some time that insects in the Netherlands are in decline. 'With this research, we show that there are also fewer and fewer plants dependent on those insects for pollination,' explains PhD candidate Kaixuan Pan. 'The proportion of insect-pollinated plants has declined while that of wind-

pollinated plants has increased.'

Insect-pollinated plants are important for biodiversity and our food

And that's a problem. Insect-pollinated species make up the majority of plants in the Netherlands. 'If these plants disappear from the landscape, it not only means fewer plants species remain, but also significantly fewer seeds and fruit for birds and other animals' says Pan. 'In other words: a significant decrease in biodiversity.' Additionally, these plants are plentiful on our menu. '75 percent of crops are plants pollinated by insects. Losing these species would pose a threat to our food security.'

Nearly 90 years of data make this research unique

Pan's work mainly involved analysing a vast amount of data. 'A huge task,' says supervisor Geert de Snoo from Leiden University and the Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW). 'Kaixuan datamined 87 years of data collected from a staggering 365,768 plots to find as many trends and patterns as possible. We looked at different plant species but also factors like nitrogen, moisture levels, and pH, combining that with insect data. This combination, and the large time scale, make this research unique.'

'I may have studied Dutch nature, but I mainly sat behind a computer,' Kaixuan says jokingly. 'Fortunately, I could occasionally help a colleague with fieldwork. Searching for bees and studying plants. A welcome variation.'

'There are not enough pollinators left to provide these plants with sufficient pollen.'

Too few insects to pollinate the plants

If the decline in insect-pollinated plant species were solely due to factors like moisture or nitrogen, wind-pollinated plants should have shown similar trends. But that wasn't the case. Pan: 'Within the same habitat type, under the same conditions, we often saw a greater decrease in the number of insect-pollinated species compared to wind-pollinated species. So, that difference is likely due to a lack of pollination: there are not enough pollinators left to provide these plants with sufficient pollen.'

Less nitrogen in nature helps

The scientists propose various measures to reverse the trend. Pan: 'Think about nitrogen, which is now well-known. If we ensure that less of it ends up in nature, it can help local plants and insects.' Pan also advocates for better protection of our natural grasslands. 'Because they harbour many of the insect-pollinated plant species that have experienced declines in recent years.'

Supervisor Koos Biesmeijer from Leiden University and Naturalis Biodiversity Center: 'And we must continue monitoring to see if these protection measures have the desired effect. Both insects and plants, because they are interdependent. That way, we can learn from the past, monitor the present, and positively change the future.'

What you can do to help nature

De Snoo: 'Netherlands now hosts plenty of insect hotels, but bees and other insects also, or mainly, need greenery. So, participate in an initiative to green your municipality, remove some tiles, or create a plant border. This way, we create a greener landscape from our own backyard or balcony.'

Pan: 'Or lend a hand to science by participating in one of the citizen science projects! You can still participate this week (15 to 24 April) in the Dutch National Bee Count. And the weekend of 2 to 4 Augus, it's time for garden butterflies. Still plenty of time to practice!

Biesmeijer: 'Many parties share the mission to reverse biodiversity loss in the Netherlands. They are united in the Delta Plan for Biodiversity Restoration. Much information can be found on the website www.samenvoorbiodiversiteit.nl.'

References and related papers

Lees de wetenschappelijke publicatie: Pan, K., Marshall, L., de Snoo, G. R., & Biesmeijer, J. C. (2024). Dutch landscapes have lost insect-pollinated plants over the past 87 years. Journal of Applied Ecology, 00, 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2664.14649

The data used in this research was made available by Hennekens (2018), CBS (2003) and volunteers. Kaixuan conducted the research at the CML and continues his research at Naturalis Biodiversity Center.