A team of scientists has been using DESY's X-ray source PETRA III to analyze the structural changes that take place in an egg when you cook it. The work reveals how the proteins in the white of a chicken egg unfold and cross-link with each other to form a solid structure when heated. Their innovative method can be of interest to the food industry as well as to the broad field of research surrounding protein analysis. The cooperation of two groups, headed by Professor Frank Schreiber from the University of Tübingen and Professor Christian Gutt from the University of Siegen, with scientists at DESY and European XFEL reports the research in two articles in the journal Physical Review Letters.
Eggs are among the most versatile food ingredients. They can take the form of a gel or a foam, they can be comparatively solid and also serve as the basis for emulsions. At about 80 degrees Celsius, egg white becomes solid and opaque. This is because the proteins in the egg white form a network structure. Studying the exact molecular structure of egg white calls for energetic radiation, such as X-rays, which is able to penetrate the opaque egg white and has a wavelength that is no longer than the structures being examined.
Controlled heating
"To understand the structural evolution in detail, you have to study the phenomenon on the micrometer scale," explains Dr. Nafisa Begam, the lead author of the first study, who is an Alexander von Humboldt fellow in Schreiber's group. The scientists used so-called X-ray photon correlation spectroscopy (XPCS) with a specific geometry allowing them to determine the structure and the dynamics of the proteins in the egg white.
For their experiments on the P10 beamline at PETRA III the scientists used a chicken egg from a supermarket and filled the egg white into a quartz tube with a diameter of 1.5 millimeters. "Inside, the egg white was heated in a controlled manner while we analyzed it with the help of the X-rays," explains DESY co-author Fabian Westermeier. "The X-ray beam was expanded to 0.1 by 0.1 millimeters, to keep the radiation dose below the damage threshold of the protein structures."
Exponential network formation in the three-minute egg
The measurements reveal the protein dynamics in the egg white over a period of about a quarter of an hour. During the first three minutes, the protein network grew exponentially, reaching a plateau after about five minutes, at which virtually no more protein links were formed. At this time, the average mesh size of the protein network was about 0.4 micrometers (thousandths of a millimeter).
In the second study, the team used the XPCS technique to investigate the self-organization of protein solutions into domains with, respectively, high and low protein concentration, as an example of structure formation in cell biology. In the process, they were able to follow the temperature-dependent dynamics over time. "At high protein densities, mobility decreases, which slows down the phase separation. This is important for the special dynamics of the system," reports lead author Anita Girelli from Schreiber's group.
The studies, which were funded by the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF), not only reveal new details about the structural changes occurring in egg whites, but also prove the experimental concept, which can be used for other samples too, as demonstrated by the second study. "Successfully applying X-ray photon correlation spectroscopy opens up a new way to study the dynamics of biomolecules, which is essential if we are to understand them properly," Schreiber comments.
Publications:
Nafisa Begam, Anastasia Ragulskaya, Anita Girelli, Hendrik Rahmann, Sivasurender Chandran, Fabian Westermeier, Mario Reiser, Michael Sprung, Fajun Zhang, Christian Gutt, and Frank Schreiber: Kinetics of Network Formation and Heterogeneous Dynamics of an Egg White Gel Revealed by Coherent X-Ray Scattering. Physical Review Letters, 2021; DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.126.098001
Anita Girelli, Hendrik Rahmann, Nafisa Begam, Anastasia Ragulskaya, Mario Reiser, Sivasurender Chandran, Fabian Westermeier, Michael Sprung, Fajun Zhang, Christian Gutt, and Frank Schreiber: Microscopic dynamics of liquid-liquid phase separation and domain coarsening in a protein solution revealed by XPCS. Physical Review Letters, 2021 (accepted, in print)
Press release of DESY research centre and University of Tübingen
