The researcher said that the most frequently asked question in offshore wind power generation is "what changes (increases or decreases) are going to be brought about in energy production by the weather conditions", in other words, what is examined is how much energy can be produced depending on the weather. However, the research led by Ulazia went one step further and focused on the mechanical fatigue of offshore wind turbines, in other words, ultimate breakage as a result of repetitive blows and stresses that are not capable of breaking the material on their own: "Sea conditions (wind and waves) can affect the reduction in the service lifetime of floating turbines. In fact, they may affect the duration of some turbine parts more than industrial energy production, and instead of lasting 20 years, they may last 15 years. This may have a decisive impact on the cost and investment of a project."
Marine conditions on a site
The EOLO research group has been working for years on projects related to meteorology, climate and the environment. "We have conducted numerous studies on the long-term link between climate change and renewable energy generation. Taking into consideration the changes that have taken place over several decades, we make historical studies and projections for the future," explained Ulazia.
This study selected a very high-energy location in Ireland: using wind and wave data recorded between 1920 and 2010 in Galway Bay on the west coast of Ireland, they determined the historical changes over these decades using advanced meteorological models, in collaboration with members of the Centre for Ocean Energy Research at Maynooth University, Ireland. These historical data were used to determine the evolution of the offshore conditions and to create a model to represent the long-term fatigue that these conditions would bring about in wind turbines. This model can be used for future projections.
Simulating the floating wind turbine dance
The researchers used simulations to calculate the energy that would be produced by some reference floating turbines in the eight most likely offshore scenarios in Galway Bay and they also saw the mechanical fatigue that would be sustained by some turbine components. "We used a simulator that gives us within a matter of seconds the dance that the turbine does due to waves and wind, and we developed a mathematical-statistical method to implement changes in the long-term offshore states and, consequently, to determine the evolution in the fatigue that the machine would endure, taking into account these historical changes," explained the EOLO group researcher.
Although the method was applied in the Irish location, "it is universal. We can do the analysis anywhere in the world," he said. Offshore wind energy is very appropriate because "it is not turbulent, like that of the mountains. However, much more needs to be invested as far as the sea is concerned. This is the main problem when implementing offshore wind energy," explained Ulazia. Climate change is increasingly leading to extreme events, and investors are wary of the risk posed by such projects: "Even if the site is a high-energy one, is it worth locating the wind farm there if at some point it could be affected by a weather event or if the turbine components are going to sustain serious fatigue problems?", he said. The method developed by the EOLO research group at the University of the Basque Country has shed some light on this question.
Additional information
Alain Ulazia is a lecturer at the UPV/EHU's Faculty of Engineering - Eibar; he lectures on the Degree Course in Renewable Energy Engineering and on the Erasmus Mundus Master's in Renewable Energy in the Marine Environment (REM PLUS). Two PhD students, who graduated in Renewable Energy Engineering in Eibar, participated in this study led by Ulazia. The Faculty of Engineering - Eibar has close ties with the Centre for Ocean Energy Research, the Irish partner in the research.
Bibliographical reference
Alain Ulazia, Hodei Ezpeleta, Gabriel Ibarra-Berastegi, Jon Sáenz, Nahia Martinez-Iturricastillo, John V. Ringwood
Historical trends of floating wind turbine fatigue loads (Ireland 1920–2010)
Ocean Engineering
DOI: 10.1016/j.oceaneng.2024.117424
