Journalist and activist Jess Hill's Quarterly Essay argues Australia's primary prevention framework to end violence against women isn't working.
Author
- Kristin Diemer
Associate Professor of Sociology, The University of Melbourne
Hill says the framework focuses too much on addressing gender inequality and changing attitudes, while overlooking crucial opportunities to address drivers of violence such as child maltreatment, alcohol and gambling.
So what does the evidence say works to prevent violence against women?
Australia's plan to reduce and prevent violence
The World Health Organisation RESPECT framework guides most global intervention programs and includes seven specific strategies to prevent violence against women:
- Relationship skills strengthening
- Empowerment of women
- Services ensured
- Poverty reduced
- Environments (schools, workplaces, public spaces) made safe
- Child and adolescent abuse prevented
- Transformed attitudes, beliefs and norms.
These are embedded in the 12 actions of Australia's prevention framework, called Change the Story , but are not explicitly listed.
The RESPECT strategies are also included in Australia's National Plan to End Violence against Women and Children 2022-2032 .
Interventions are usually separated into three complementary, but overlapping approaches : primary (prevention), secondary (early intervention) and tertiary (responses).
Primary prevention in Change the Story is aimed at addressing the underlying drivers of violence before it occurs. But most interventions have dual purposes of reducing or preventing current and future violence, as we transform into a violence-free community.
Australia's national plan includes reducing the harmful use of alcohol, support for children to live free from violence, holding perpetrators to account, changing the law, and promoting gender equality in public and private lives.
Together, these strategies chip away at harmful underlying attitudes that drive domestic violence.
What does the evidence say works?
Systematic reviews of interventions to prevent or reduce violence against women and girls find that sufficient investment into the right programs can address the core drivers of violence and lead to a significant reduction and prevention of violence.
The reviews identify that most successful interventions do not typically separate out prevention from early intervention and response. They focus on gender dynamics, power and control, and locally relevant social structures that disempower women and girls.
The global program What Works to Prevent Violence against Women and Girls , for example, reviewed 96 evaluations of interventions. Of these, seven interventions had positive effects across all three domains of responding to, reducing and preventing domestic violence.
None of the effective interventions were the same, but they had common features.
One of the common indicators of success was that they addressed multiple drivers of violence while being relevant to what was important in the participants' lives, such as an intervention to reduce HIV or couples counselling . These two interventions were designed to challenge gender inequity and the use of violence, while empowering couples with improved communications skills.
Effective interventions also commonly included support for survivors, for things such as mental health support, safe spaces, empowerment activities and mediation skills.
Equally important was including work with perpetrators or key influencers, such as other family members or local leaders. One example developed in Tajikistan involved in-laws, which enabled young women to attend and implement ideas from the program into their family life.
The final two key components of successful interventions were related to implementation of the programs: having the ability to deliver the program with sufficient, well-trained and supported staff, and for a length of time allowing reflection and learning through experience.
The Transforming Masculinities program in the Democratic Republic of Congo promoted gender equality and positive masculinity within faith communities. Careful selection of staff and volunteers was crucial to the intervention's success.
Effective interventions were delivered over 15 to 30 months. They included a combination of community activities and weekly workshops, allowing facilitators to build on content from previous sessions.
Putting this all together, the most effective programs were rigorously planned and suitable to the client group. They focused on multiple core drivers of violence against women and girls. They worked with perpetrators and community influencers. They also worked with and supported survivors.
Elements which prevented programs from being effective included short-term or inadequate funding, and a lack of sufficient planning to ensure the intervention was adapted to the client's context.
We have clear evidence about they types of programs that can prevent and reduce violence against women and girls, both internationally and in Australia. We also have service providers and program leaders who have been sharing evidence with governments for more than five decades. What we need now is the will and commitment for intensive programming.
Kristin Diemer has received funding from the Australian Research Council, ANROWS, the Department of Social Services, the Victorian Government and is on the Advisory Group for the Australian National Community Attitudes towards Violence against Women Survey.
