Bottom Line: Despite conclusive research that shows that all alcoholic beverages, including wine, increase the risk of many types of cancer, Americans demonstrated low awareness of this risk, and some perceived alcohol as having health benefits. Awareness varied significantly for various types of alcohol.
Journal in Which the Study was Published: Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention, a journal of the American Association for Cancer Research.
Authors: William M.P. Klein, PhD, associate director of the National Cancer Institute's Behavioral Research Program, was the senior author. Andrew Seidenberg, MPH, PhD, led the study while serving as a Cancer Prevention Fellow at the National Cancer Institute.
Background: Research shows that alcohol contributed to an average of more than 75,000 cancer cases and almost 19,000 cancer deaths per year between 2013-2016. All beverage types containing ethanol, such as wine, beer, and liquor, increase cancer risk. To date, seven cancer types have been linked to alcohol consumption, including cancers of the breast, mouth, and colon. "Alcohol is a leading modifiable risk factor for cancer in the United States and previous research has shown that most Americans don't know this," Seidenberg said.
How the Study was Conducted: To assess Americans' awareness of the links between alcohol and cancer, Seidenberg and colleagues analyzed data from the 2020 Health Information National Trends Survey 5 Cycle 4, encompassing survey responses from 3,865 adults. Respondents were asked, "In your opinion, how much does drinking the following types of alcohol affect the risk of getting cancer?" Responses were recorded for wine, beer, and liquor. Further questions assessed the respondents' awareness of links between alcohol and heart disease. Researchers also asked respondents about their current alcohol intake.
Results: Awareness of the alcohol-cancer link was highest for liquor, with 31.2 percent of U.S. adults being aware of the risk, followed by beer (24.9 percent) and wine (20.3 percent).
- Ten percent of U.S. adults said wine decreases cancer risk, while 2.2 percent said beer decreases risk and 1.7 percent said liquor decreases risk.
- More than 50 percent of U.S. adults reported not knowing how these beverages affected cancer risk.
- U.S. adults who were aware that alcoholic beverages increased heart disease risk had higher adjusted predicted probabilities of being aware of the alcohol-cancer link. Heart disease awareness followed similar patterns to cancer awareness, with 38.9 percent, 36.4 percent, and 25.1 percent of U.S. adults believing that liquor, beer, and wine, respectively, increased heart disease risk.
- Older adults demonstrated lower awareness of alcohol as a risk factor for cancer. Among U.S. adults over age 60, 15.7 percent were aware of the risk for wine; 17.8 percent for beer; and 23.7 percent for liquor. By comparison, among U.S. adults aged 18-39, 26.1 percent were aware of the risk for wine; 33.1 percent for beer; and 39.1 percent for liquor. Seidenberg said this may be due to more long-standing drinking habits among older adults.
- Drinking status was not associated with awareness, with similar rates for non-drinkers, drinkers, and heavier drinkers.
Author's Comments: The authors said the study confirms that many Americans would benefit from further education about the links between alcohol and cancer. Such education would be especially useful given that studies suggesting that wine confers possible health benefits have received significant media attention, they noted.
"All types of alcoholic beverages, including wine, increase cancer risk," said Klein. "This study's findings underscore the need to develop interventions for educating the public about the cancer risks of alcohol use, particularly in the prevailing context of national dialogue about the purported heart health benefits of wine."
The authors suggested that interventions could include mass media campaigns, cancer warning labels, and patient-provider communications. Tailoring messages to desired audiences could help increase message relevance, Klein said.
"Educating the public about how alcohol increases cancer risk will not only empower consumers to make more informed decisions, but may also prevent and reduce excessive alcohol use, as well as cancer morbidity and mortality," he said.
Study Limitations: The authors noted potential limitations include the unconditional structure of some survey questions; for example, questions about awareness of the alcohol-cancer link were not stratified according to how much a respondent drank. They also noted that some data were collected during the COVID-19 pandemic, when many Americans reported drinking more than usual.
Funding & Disclosures: This study was supported by the Division of Cancer Control and Population Sciences at the National Cancer Institute, a part of the National Institutes of Health.
