Water is one of Australia's most valuable commodities. Rights to take water from our nation's largest river system, the Murray-Darling Basin, are worth almost A$100 billion. These rights can be bought and sold or leased, with trade exceeding A$2 billion a year. But water is also being stolen (no-one knows how much) and the thieves usually get away with it.
Authors
Adam James Loch
Associate Professor, University of Adelaide
David Adamson
Associate professor, Royal Agricultural University
Mark Giancaspro
Senior Lecturer in Law, University of Adelaide
Michael Croft
Legal Researcher, University of Adelaide
The federal Labor government came to power promising to crack down on water theft in the Murray-Darling Basin. The Productivity Commission has also expressed concerns about a lack of compliance and enforcement.
The Inspector General of Water Compliance, Troy Grant, has also described existing powers to deter theft as ineffective, and called for urgent action to address inconsistencies in the various state laws that penalise theft from the Murray-Darling Basin. That was almost a year ago.
In our new research, we identified the many relevant laws operating in the basin. We examined these laws and found maximum penalties range wildly. It is a dog's breakfast. Surely we can do better.
How did we get into this mess?
The mishmash of water theft laws and penalties across the basin is unfortunate but not surprising.
Water in the Murray-Darling Basin is managed under a joint agreement between the federal government, the basin's four states (Queensland, New South Wales, Victoria and South Australia) and the Australian Capital Territory.
This agreement could be dissolved at any time, should any one state or territory decide to quit.
Murray-Darling Basin compliance is now managed by the Office of the Inspector General of Water Compliance, an independent group of public servants, typically former police officers.
As Inspector General, Grant has been given powers to reduce water theft, uphold compliance with Murray-Darling Basin rules, and restore confidence among those living and working in the basin.
But he was forced to drop 62 cases in February 2023 due to poor state legislative support, inconsistent approaches to water theft, and allowances for some irrigators to balance their accounts in arrears. Basically, Grant stated you had to be a moron to be caught.
Dropped cases lead to questions about water values, continued supply reliability, the extent of environmental harm, and the future security of water rights.
Drought heightens concern about theft
It's almost 15 years since the most recent review of water theft legislation across state and federal boundaries, which highlighted clear inconsistencies in penalties and approaches to cases.
It's also nearly ten years since the ABC Four Corners report into large-scale water theft, illustrating the dangers of environmental water harms and wanton disregard by some users for the rights of others.
In more recent droughts, such as the "Tinderbox Drought" of 2017-19, irrigators were more concerned about speculation and hoarding than theft.
But if the basin suffers another serious drought, as predicted by many researchers, it is likely theft will become a top concern for all involved, particularly regulators at state and federal levels.
What's more, if predictions of climate impacts to water supply are right, available water will dramatically decline in the Murray-Darling Basin, possibly motivating more theft.
We tested this by combining rainfall and runoff data from the Bureau of Meteorology with climate projections from the CSIRO Climate Futures Model and the Garnaut Climate Change Review, to generate a model of future water flows into the southern Murray-Darling Basin up to 2100.
Our research shows we're on track for a water runoff catastrophe by around 2060, and the eventual collapse of the river's systems by around 2080. Less rain and higher evaporation rates means less water will runoff the land into streams, rivers and storages. Sobering stuff.
Finding common ground
Our research shows the Inspector General is right: a base comparison of the laws in each state show clear differences, along with the penalties that sit behind them. Calls for greater certainty and consistency are yet to resonate. The positive lessons to be drawn from successful processes are falling on deaf ears.
But we did find some consistent aspects worth noting, which could help us better understand and analyse the legal framework for penalising water theft in the Murray-Darling Basin. This is the "pyramid" approach to assessing cases and applying penalties, using a tiered framework of increasing severity that looks to be applied universally throughout the basin.
The pyramids are based on existing principles already in use for water management around the world.
Most Murray-Darling Basin states already follow this approach. Yet some states do it better than others.
Legal inconsistency also stems from some states being unwilling to "climb to the top" of the pyramid and initiate court proceedings against the most egregious offenders. This leads to lower penalties in most cases.
We also note New South Wales has adopted satellite technology to identify and track water theft. This is a good example for others to follow.
Towards consistent laws
Consistency in compliance and certainty across state jurisdictions will help restore confidence in the water market, and ultimately ensure the Murray-Darling's water flows are protected from thieves.
We need certain and severe penalties for water theft across the Murray-Darling Basin and Australia as a whole. Such penalties may garner a wider appreciation of the value of the environment.
Addressing water theft issues consistently and with certainty offers opportunities for Australia to again lead the way in effective water governance and compliance reform globally.
But progress has been slow. This is deeply concerning, especially as water flows into the basin will dwindle as the climate changes.
The authors do not work for, consult, own shares in or receive funding from any company or organisation that would benefit from this article, and have disclosed no relevant affiliations beyond their academic appointment.
