Hitting the gym or running track seems straight forward for some - but what are the barriers many women face in partaking in regular exercise, particularly after childbirth or older?
A study on survey data of more than 1200 Australian women by experts from La Trobe University, Flinders University, Victoria University and Melbourne University has identified four types of women with different levels of positive and negative body image.
These body image types have also been linked to different diet and exercise patterns - allowing future interventions, exercise programs and public health messages to be more tailored and targeted.
The Victorian researchers with Flinders University Associate Professor Ivanka Prichard, who leads a new Embrace body image research initiative with Australian of the Year Taryn Brumfitt and study co-author Dr Yali Zager, conducted the study to establish how a person's body image can be linked to health behaviours.
Through analysing data from these women, average age of 41, using measures of body shame, body appreciation, and body mass index (BMI), the researchers identified four body image types: appreciative; medium shame; high shame and average. And that these different body image types could differentiate levels of dietary and exercise behaviour.
"These findings provide an important opportunity for public health intervention - with the four profiles being important to consider in the development of tailored health promotion or intervention programs," says La Trobe University's Dr Anita Raspovic, the first author in the new article in Body Image journal.
The researchers found that dietary restraint and exercise amount differed significantly according to a woman's body image type: Women with high shame and low appreciation had the greatest eating concerns and lowest exercise. In contrast, low levels of eating concerns and healthy levels of exercise were evident among women with the Appreciative body image type.
While body appreciation is associated with more positive physical and mental health outcomes and body dissatisfaction is associated with disordered eating and exercise avoidance, "much is still unknown about the connection between these differing body image experiences," says Dr Raspovic.
"It is critical that we develop deep understandings of the relationships between body image, behaviours, and health outcomes, to inform public health prevention and intervention efforts," she says.
Study co-author, Flinders University's Associate Professor Prichard, who leads the Embrace research initiative at Flinders, says knowing about these body image types will help inform health and fitness professionals to tailor the way that they might work with different people.
"For instance, someone who is already body confident would benefit from a 'light touch' intervention that supports ongoing health behaviours and continues to encourage exercise for health, fitness and enjoyment.
"In contrast, those with high levels of body shame, which our research shows exercise less than other groups of women, will need more support to be active.
"These individuals would benefit from inclusive exercise spaces and communities that promote gratitude and appreciation for where someone's body is at and what it can do and a culture of non-judgement."
She says these distinct body image types allow us to advocate for appreciating the body for what in order to promote positive health behaviours. They also tell us that body shame is not helpful in relation to health behaviour.
"This has important implications for public health messaging to encourage healthy and active lifestyles."
Associate Professor Prichard adds: "We know that people who appreciate their bodies also engage in a greater range of health behaviours (e.g., healthier diets and physical activity), and that people who feel weight shame or stigma engage in less health behaviours and are more likely to gain weight over time.
"We also know that exercising for appearance or weight loss related reasons does not motivate exercise in the long term.
"Instead, if we want an active society, we need to help people find movement behaviours that they enjoy doing and that they are motivated to come back to again and again because it makes them feel good."
The article - Body image profiles combining body shame, body appreciation and body mass index differentiate dietary restraint and exercise amount in women (2023) by Anita Raspovic, Ivanka Prichard, Agus Salim (Melbourne University), Zali Yager (Victoria University) and Laura Hart (La Trobe and Melbourne University) - has been published in Body Image journal. DOI: 10.1016/j.bodyim.2023.05.007.
