When MIT senior Rudiba Laiba saw that stores in the Netherlands eschewed plastic bags to save the planet, her first thought was, "that doesn't happen in Bangladesh."
Laiba is one of eight MIT students who traveled to the Netherlands in June as part of an MIT Energy Initiative (MITEI)-sponsored trip to experience first-hand the country's approach to the energy transition. The Netherlands aims to be carbon neutral by 2050, making it one of the top 10 countries leading the charge on climate change, according to U.S. News and World Report.
MITEI sponsored the week-long trip to allow undergraduate and graduate students to collaboratively explore clean energy efforts with researchers, corporate leaders, and nongovernmental organizations. The students heard about projects ranging from creating hydrogen pipelines in the North Sea to climate-proofing a fuel-guzzling, asphalt-dense neighborhood.
Felipe Abreu from Kissimmee, Florida, a rising second-year student studying materials science and engineering, is working this summer on ways to melt and reuse metal scraps discarded in manufacturing processes. "When MITEI put out this notice about visiting the Netherlands, I wanted to see if there were more advanced approaches to renewable energy that I'd never been exposed to," Abreu says.
Laiba notes that her native Bangladesh has not yet achieved the Netherlands' nearly universal buy-in to tackling climate change, even though this South Asian country, like the Netherlands, is particularly vulnerable to rising sea levels due to topography and high population density.
Laiba, who spent part of her childhood in New York City and lived in Bangladesh from ages 8 to 18, calls Bangladesh "on the front lines of climate change.
"Even if I didn't want to care about climate change, I had to, because I would see the effects of it," she says.
Key players
The MIT students conducted hands-on exercises on how to switch from traditional energy sources to zero-carbon technologies. "We talked a lot about infrastructure, particularly how to repurpose natural gas infrastructure for hydrogen," says Antje Danielson, director of education at MITEI, who led the trip with Em Schule, MITEI research and programming assistant. "The students were challenged to grapple with real-world decision-making."
The northern section of the Netherlands is known as the "hydrogen valley" of Europe. At the University of Groningen and Hanze University School of Applied Sciences, also in Groningen, the students heard about how the region profiles itself as a world capital for the energy transition through its push toward a hydrogen-based economy and its state-of-the-art global climate models.
Erick Liang, a rising junior from Boston's Roslindale neighborhood pursuing a dual major in nuclear science and engineering and physics, was intrigued by a massive wind farm in the port city of Eemshaven, one of the group's first stops in the north of the country. "It was impressive as an engineering challenge, because they must have figured out ways to cheaply and effectively manufacture all these wind turbines," he says.
They visited German energy company RWE, which is generating 15 percent of Eemshaven's electricity from biomass, replacing coal.
Laiba, who is majoring in molecular biology and electrical engineering and computer science with a minor in business management, was intrigued by a presentation on biofuels. "It piqued my interest to see if they would use biomass on a large scale" because of the challenges and unpredictability associated with it as a fuel source.
In Paddepoel, the students toured the first of several neighborhoods that once lacked greenery and used fossil fuel-based heating systems and now aim to generate more energy than they consume.
"The students got to see what the size of the district heating pipes would be, and how they go through people's gardens into the houses. We talked about the physical impact on the neighborhood of installing these pipes, as well as the potential social and political implications connected to a really difficult transition like this," Danielson says.
Going green
Green hydrogen promises to be a key player in the energy transition, and Netherlands officials say they have committed to the new infrastructure and business models needed to move ahead with hydrogen as a fuel source.
The students explored how green hydrogen differs from fossil fuel-generated hydrogen. They saw how Dutch companies grappled with siting hydrogen production facilities and handling hydrogen as a gas, which, unlike natural gas, does not yet have a detectable artificial odor.
The students heard from energy network operator Gasunie about the science and engineering behind repurposing existing natural gas pipelines for a hydrogen network in the North Sea, and were challenged to solve the puzzle of combining hydrogen production with offshore wind energy.
In the port of Rotterdam, they saw how the startup Battolyser Systems - which is working with Delft University of Technology on an electrolysis device that splits water into hydrogen and oxygen and doubles as a battery - is transitioning from lab bench to market.
Laiba was impressed by how much capital was going into high-risk ventures and startups, "not only because they're trying to make something revolutionary, but also because society needs to accept and use" their products.
Abreu says that at Battolyser Systems, "I saw people my age on the forefront of green hydrogen, trying to make a difference."
The students visited the Global Center on Adaptation's carbon-neutral floating offices and learned how this international organization supports climate adaptation actions around the world and the practice of mitigation.
Also in Rotterdam, international marine contractor Van Oord took students to view a ship that installs wind turbines and explained how their new technology reduces the sound shockwave impact of the installations on marine life.
At the Port of Rotterdam, the students heard about the challenges faced by Europe's largest port in terms of global shipping and choosing the fuels of the future. The speaker tasked the MIT students with coming up with a plan to transition the privately owned, owner-inhabited barges that ply the region's inland waterways to a zero-carbon system.
"The Port Authority uses this exercise to illustrate the enormous complexity faced by companies in the energy transition," Danielson says. "The fact that our students performed really well on the spot shows that we are doing something right at MIT."
Defining a path forward
Liang, Abreu, and Laiba were struck by how the Netherlands has come together as a country over climate change. "In the U.S., a lot of people disagree with the concept of climate change as a whole," Liang says. "But in the Netherlands, everyone is on the same page that this is an issue that we should be working toward. They're capable of seeing a path forward and trying to take action whenever possible."
Liang, a member of the MIT Solar Electric Vehicle Team, is doing undergraduate research sponsored by MITEI this summer, working to accelerate fusion manufacturing and development at the MIT Plasma Science and Fusion Center. He's improving 3D printing processes to manufacture components that can accommodate the high temperatures and small space within a tokamak reactor, which uses magnetic fields to confine plasma and produce controlled thermonuclear fusion.
"I personally would like to try finding a new solution" to achieving carbon neutrality, he says. That solution, to Liang, is fusion energy, with some entities hoping to demonstrate net energy gain through fusion in the next five years.
Laiba is a researcher with the MIT Office of Sustainability, looking at ways to quantify and reduce the level of MIT's Scope 3 greenhouse gas emissions. Scope 3 emissions are tied to the purchase of goods that use fossil fuels in their manufacture. She says, "Whatever I decide to do in the future will involve making a more sustainable future. And to me, renewable energy is the driving force behind that."
In the Netherlands, she says, "what we learned through the entire trip was that renewable energy powers the country to a large amount. Things I could see tangibly was Starbucks having paper cups even for our iced drinks, which I think would flop very hard in the U.S. I don't think society's ready for that yet."
Abreu says, "In America, sustainability has always been in the back seat while other things take the forefront. So going to a country where everybody you talk to has a stake (in sustainability) and actually cares, and they're all pushing together for this common goal, it was inspiring. It gave me hope."
