Heart Stress Test Revival May Transform Patient Diagnosis

The electrocardiogram exercise stress test (EST) was formerly a popular way of assessing patients with angina. However, the diagnostic test has fallen out of favour due to its perceived inaccuracies. A new study by Professor Divaka Perera and colleagues, however, questions this dogma after finding that an abnormal EST was excellent at picking up abnormalities in the vessels supplying the heart muscle with blood.

Angina is a term used for a type of chest pain that occurs due to an imbalance between the supply and demand of blood to the heart muscle. One way of assessing patients with angina is to look for whether the blood supply to the heart muscle matches the demand during physical stress using exercise electrocardiogram stress testing (EST). During the test, a patient typically exercises on a treadmill or stationary bike while a cardiologist studies the electrocardiogram (ECG) for changes which might suggest an abnormality in the blood vessels supplying the heart muscle.

The test has fallen out of favour in recent guidelines as results from the EST frequently identify a patient with a blood supply/demand mismatch during exertion, but subsequent tests don't reveal any narrowing in the large blood vessels. Angina was previously thought to occur solely due to narrowing in the large blood vessels supplying the heart muscle. However, clinicians now know that blood supply/demand mismatch can occur in patients with normal large blood vessels but dysfunctional small blood vessels, known as coronary microvascular disease.

In the study, which has been published in the Journal of American College of Cardiology, researchers set out to test the accuracy of ESTs in picking up any abnormality in the heart's blood supply, be it with the large or small blood vessels. 102 patients with angina without narrowing in the large blood vessels underwent a comprehensive assessment of the function of both the large and small blood vessels before going on to carry out an EST. The authors found that around 30% of patients had evidence of blood supply/demand mismatch on the EST, all of whom would have been classified as having an inaccurate test in the past as all of these patients had normal large blood vessels. However, every single patient who had evidence of blood supply/demand mismatch on their EST had abnormalities in their small blood vessels.

The results suggest that an abnormal EST is, in fact, very accurate in identifying patients who have abnormalities in their large and/or small blood vessels supplying the heart muscle.

Dr Aish Sinha, first author of the study, said: "These findings have significant implications for the way in which we view the diagnostic accuracy of all non-invasive tests. Should all non-invasive modalities now be validated against the contemporary reference standard of comprehensive coronary physiology assessment?"