The notorious polysulfide shuttle severely impedes the practical application of Li-S batteries. Utilizing various electrocatalysts to improve the polysulfide redox kinetics has emerged as a promising strategy to address the shuttle effect. Specially, the electronic structure of the electrocatalysts plays a decisive role in determining the catalytic activity to facilitate the polysulfide conversion. Therefore, reasonably modulating the electronic structure of electrocatalysts is of paramount significance for improving the electrochemical performance of Li-S batteries. However, previous reviews focus on the classification of catalytic materials in term of their physical and chemical properties, which ignores the relationship between electronic structure and catalytic activity.
Recently, a research team led by Profs. Liang Zhang and Yanguang Li from Soochow University in China systematically summarizes the strategies for optimizing the electronic structure of electrocatalysts for Li-S batteries and establish the relationship between electronic structure and catalytic activity. The future perspectives and challenges are also proposed for designing high-efficient electrocatalysts to construct high-energy-density and long-lifetime Li-S batteries. The review was published in Chinese Journal of Catalysis (DOI: 10.1016/S1872-2067(21)63984-0).
A comprehensive overview of the fascinating strategies to tailor the electronic structure of electrocatalysts for Li-S batteries is presented, including vacancy engineering, heteroatom doping, single atom doping, band regulation, alloying, and heterostructure engineering. Vacancy engineering aims at creating more active sites and tuning the surface charge-transfer property. Meanwhile, vacancies can significantly promote the electrocatalytic activity by optimizing the surface-adsorption ability for reaction intermediates, which derives from the abundance of localized electrons around vacancies. Additionally, the vacancies can simultaneously tailor the surface hydrophilic property for a better electrolyte contact.
In summary, designing sulfur host materials with high catalytic activity has provided a new direction towards high-performance Li-S batteries. The high-efficiency electrocatalysts with high activity and special functions can be obtained through the coordination of various electronic structure regulation strategies, which can further improve the electrochemical performance of Li-S batteries and also enlighten other energy-related processes based on multi-electron reactions.
