Poxviruses have found a unique way of translating their genes into proteins in the infected organism. A team of researchers from Würzburg shows for the first time how the molecular machinery involved works at an atomic level.
The last case of smallpox worldwide occurred in Somalia in October 1977. In 1980, the World Health Organization (WHO) declared the eradication of the smallpox. According to official sources, the virus continues to exist today only in two high-security laboratories in Russia and the USA, where it is used for research purposes.
But although this means that poxviruses are no longer an immediate threat to humans, this virus family is still of great interest to scientists. On the one hand, modified strains are used in the treatment of cancer, and on the other hand, they possess highly intriguing multiplication properties.
Smallpox viruses build their own multiplication machine
While many viruses draw largely on the biochemical resources of the host cell for their multiplication, poxviruses encode their own molecular machinery in their genome for that purpose. The important components of this machinery are two enzymes: DNA polymerase to multiply the viral genes, and RNA polymerase to transcribe the viral genes into mRNA. The RNA polymerase of the vaccinia poxvirus strain, for example, is a large complex comprising 15 different protein subunits with different biochemical functions.
A team of researchers from the Biocenter of the Julius-Maximilian's University of Würzburg (JMU) has now for the first time been able to watch the polymerase of vaccinia viruses doing their work at an atomic level. Before that, the team had already reported on three-dimensional structure of the RNA polymerase at atomic resolution. The group in charge of the work is led by Utz Fischer, who holds the JMU's Chair of the Department of Biochemistry I. The results of their work have now been presented in a publication in the journal Nature Structure and Molecular Biology.
Three-dimensional structures on an atomic scale
"We have mixed isolated RNA polymerase with a piece of DNA containing the promoter, i.e. the start signal for the transcription of viral genes. The enzyme recognized precisely this DNA element and started producing mRNA", explains Julia Bartuli, in charge of the biochemical work of the study. In a next step, the samples were examined in the cryo-electron microscope, in cooperation with Bettina Böttcher from the Department of Biochemistry II. On the basis of the data collected, the scientists were able to reconstruct the three-dimensional structure of the sample down to the atomic scale, using modern computerized methods.
They were enthusiastic about the final result of this lengthy process: "One single sample we examined in the microscope allowed us to reconstruct a total of six different polymerase complexes, which we could finally allocate to individual phases of the transcription process," says Clemens Grimm, in charge of structural analysis in Fischer's department. "We can string the individual pictures together as in a movie and thus represent the early transcription phase with time resolution." (see videos below).
Smallpox continue to be a threat to humans
But why bother to do research on poxviruses if the virus that is so dangerous to humans is eradicated already? There are good reasons for this, replies Professor Fischer: "There is still no reliable cure for a smallpox infection, it can only be prevented by a vaccination. If the still existing virus samples were to be spread again, for example by a terrorist attack, they would hit a population that has no immunization."
Another threat, which may be more real, are zoonotic diseases caused by animal-specific viruses jumping to humans, explains biochemist Utz Fischer. For example, there are sporadic infections of humans by monkeypox, which can make the infected persons severely ill. "If such a zoonotic disease picks up speed, by further adaption to its human host and human-to-human transmission, a dangerous epidemic could emerge", he says.
Using computers to develop new drugs
Inhibitors of viral gene expression would therefore be highly relevant as antiviral drugs. Understanding the atomic structures of RNA polymerase in its different states allows researchers now a rational, structure-based computer approach to the development of such inhibitors. Such studies, which are fundamentally different in method from the classic experimental procedure, are already well underway.
Original publication
Structural basis of the complete poxvirus transcription initiation process. Clemens Grimm, Julia Bartuli, Bettina Boettcher, Aladar A. Szalay and Utz Fischer. Nature Structure and Molecular Biology. DOI: https://www.nature.com/articles/s41594-021-00655-w
