Review: Fanatic Heart – Tom Keneally (Vintage).
As a child, I would visit the old house at the centre of family life and often there would be a conversation running thus:
"Have I told you about Clarrie Dobbs?" (or others of such names).
"Yes, Grandpa, many times."
"Ah, he was a terrible bloke that Clarrie. When he was out well-sinking …"
Some stories just don't let you go. And as you get older, the urge to get them all heard grows stronger. Tom Keneally has regularly stored away curious details and colourful characters from history, sometimes waiting until he found the form best suited to his dramatising of them, occasionally repeating them in different guises, once or twice finding the moment of topical discussion into which they could be blended.
Keneally's recent novel Corporal Hitler's Pistol (2021), for example, picks up the setting and sub-plot of domestic violence of his earlier novel A River Town (1995), focuses it around a Kempsey legend from his childhood, and adds strands dealing with race relations and prejudice against gays. The Widow and her Hero (2007) finally found a framing point of view in which to recount a forgotten military venture in World War II that Keneally first wrestled with as a film script in 1980.
As part of his "paying respects to ancestors", as he terms it, Keneally has spent a good deal of his writing career portraying the Irish in Australia - as famine-driven convicts, as political prisoners, as priests, and as romantic escapees, like the poet and activist John Boyle O'Reilly and the Irish nationalist Thomas Francis Meagher, who became popular figures in America.
One of this latter group, John Mitchel (1815-1875) has his story told in Keneally's compendious history, The Great Shame: A Story of the Irish in the Old World and the New (1998), and is mentioned again in his Australians: Origins to Eureka (2009).
Mitchel's life became another story that would not let its teller go. This exiled voice for the Young Ireland movement, later hailed as the country's president-in-waiting, was a conundrum that called for imaginative exploration. How could a political idealist striving for his country's freedom and his own liberty end up supporting slavery in the America he escaped to?
This is the question behind Keneally's latest novel Fanatic Heart.
Women and nationalism
Another consistent interest in Keneally's fiction is women. His female characters have included suffering innocents, like the convict servant in Bring Larks and Heroes (1967) and the self-mortifying protagonist of Woman of the Inner Sea (1992), and heroic ones, like Joan of Arc in Blood Red Sister Rose (1974) and the nurse sisters in Daughter of Mars (2013).
Keneally has been taken to task for his biologised depictions of his female characters, who either support or fall victim to males at the centre of stories, and he has made a point in the latter part of his career to give centre stage, social context, and voice to woman characters.
In Fanatic Heart, he turns our attention away from John Mitchel at regular intervals to concentrate on Mitchel's long-suffering wife, Jenny. Their marriage was born of passion. Jenny Mitchel supported her husband's outspoken nationalism, following him into exile in Van Diemen's Land, then on to several locations in the United States once American Irish organised Mitchel's escape from British control.
The novel is unusual, in that for the average reader it appears to be purely a novel. There are only a couple of hints at the back that John and Jenny were real people central to Ireland's political history and that actual journals and newspaper columns inform the narrative.
This is probably because so much of the book does what historians have often objected to in Keneally's work: his readiness to dramatise the people of historical record by imagining their feelings and filling in gaps between documented events.
As a novel, however, I'm not sure Fanatic Heart is entirely successful. Its historical roots prompt an external looking-back that results in a lot of telling rather than showing. The narrative does keep moving, but I didn't get a strongly immediate sense of the "fanaticism" that made Mitchel so dangerous to the British.
Some editorial intervention would have improved things at times. At one point, a girl named Henty is mentioned and we have to track back some way to find that the Mitchels had a daughter, Henrietta, and then intuit that "Henty" is her nickname. Mitchel's arrest is made under "an obscene law", the name of which appears a page or so later, and the explanation of the law not for another page or two; some integration please. Equally, we don't need to know that the sentencing magistrate was a former suitor of Jane Austen's.
The question of slavery
The book is at its best when it presents a dramatic scene, as with the opening one of an entire village of famine-devastated bodies, or later when there is a debate over slavery between John, Jenny, and the abolitionist Reverend Beecher. That encounter is the climax of the novel's exploration of Mitchel as a mesh of contradictions.
I shall not be surprised if some readers charge Keneally with offering an apologia for slavery, but they should note that it is Mitchel speaking, that Jenny obviously does not support slavery, that Mitchel is captured by the false race science of the time, and that he does have some pertinent arguments against hypocritical fixation on one Southern social evil while ignoring the slavish conditions of (mostly Irish) workers under the North's uncontrolled industrial capitalism.
As Mitchel and many writers since have lamented, a moment of ironic levity in print can leave one trapped between two camps of "know nothing" literalists.
The story ends on a high note, with the Mitchel family settling happily on a Tennessee farm (without slaves), freed from Britain and the frenetic rivalries of New York and Ireland. That resolution connects with the other focus of this tale of global movements: the family as held together by Jenny.
Fanatic Heart reworks the historical picture of John Mitchel that Keneally drew in The Great Shame. There, Mitchel was the touchy political rebel, who refused to call his comfortable life in Van Diemen's Land anything other than enforced exile; in the fictive version, he is less inclined to escape when the opportunity arises. It is his wife who urges him back into his political role. Her place in the story also pushes John's fellow exile, the flashy Thomas Meagher, into the background, faulting him for the shabby treatment of his Vandemonian wife.
There are many fascinating historical details in Fanatic Heart, such as Mitchel's ambiguous social position as a Presbyterian/Unitarian Irishman and his almost successful persuasion of Russia to invade Ireland in support of its independence.
But novelistic happy endings rarely match the realities of history. Despite his interest in the American Civil War (seen in his novel Confederates and the biographical history An American Scoundrel), Keneally excises the last chapters of Mitchel's story. Restless by temperament and from force of events, John continued to travel - to Paris, Washington, Richmond, and eventually back to Ireland. He ran a blockade back to the Confederacy, in support of which both his sons were killed. In a final contradiction, the "fanatic heart" sought Irish election to the British parliament just before his death.
Paul Sharrad, University Fellow (Literature/Humanities), University of Wollongong
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