Piles of snow accumulate on the ISU campus with record snowfall in February 2019. Larger image. Christopher Gannon/Iowa State University
AMES, IA – The slide into the new year can often be measured by the disappearance of string lights on roofs, a resurgence in gym memberships and perhaps most noticeable – colder winter weather. January holds the title as the chilliest month of the year for most states in the U.S., and now, Iowa State University researchers have discovered an unexpected link between drops in Fahrenheit and immigrant entrepreneurship.
The researchers' working paper reveals the ratio of immigrants who are self-employed vs. paid-employed is much higher in parts of the country with warmer January temperatures (i.e., the South) and lower in colder areas (i.e., the Midwest). Specifically, the researchers found an additional 10 degrees Fahrenheit of mean January temperature is associated with a 1.46% increase in the rate of immigrant entrepreneurs.
"That may not sound like a lot, but if you go from a 10-degree mean temperature in a state like Minnesota to a 60-degree mean temperature in Florida, the data shows more than double the percent of immigrants in the area who have their own business," said John Winters, a professor of economics at ISU.
The percentage of immigrant workers who are self-employed is 6.5% in Minnesota compared to 14.5% in Florida.
Winters and Ph.D. Candidate Jun Yeong Lee examined data over the 2012-2019 period from the American Community Service, a program under the U.S. Census Bureau.
Before the study, Winters said he knew overall population growth in the U.S. was trending in the South and West, and that immigrant populations were more concentrated in these regions.
"But this idea that the proportion of immigrants who are entrepreneurs was so different was pretty surprising. I did not anticipate that," said Winters.
State map of immigrant self-employment rate. Larger image. Courtesy of Jun Yeong Lee/Iowa State University
The researchers believe a possible explanation for the pattern is that some immigrants may be willing to put up with cold January temperatures for temporary educational opportunities or paid positions. But starting a business is a long-term investment. Recouping initial costs and building a reputation can take years.
"A lot of immigrants have never lived in a cold area and don't really know how well they will adapt. If you're uncertain about your own preferences and ability to acclimate, you may be averse to starting a business in an unfamiliar setting," said Winters.
To test other possible explanations, the researchers looked at a wide range of factors, including labor force participation, linguistic enclaves, retail infrastructure, where people immigrated from, and wealth and educational levels.
Labor force
The researchers found places with high labor force participation rates tend to have fewer immigrant entrepreneurs.
"If the local labor market is really weak, some people drop out of the labor force and other people shift to self-employment out of necessity. So, if you're an immigrant struggling to find work, you may start a small business," explained Winters. "Areas with stronger labor markets have higher labor force participation rates and lower immigrant self-employment rates."
But labor force participation was not a strong enough factor on its own to explain the dramatic spatial pattern of lower immigrant entrepreneurship in the Midwest.
Linguistic enclaves
The researchers also found a higher share of immigrants in an area who speak the same language leads to higher self-employment among those immigrants.
Winters explained people in these linguistic enclaves may see opportunities to fill gaps in certain services. For example, opening a grocery store with products from Guatemala, Honduras and El Salvador has a higher chance of succeeding in a community where there are a lot of Spanish speakers from Central America compared to a community dominated by English speakers.
Concentrations of immigrant populations with linguistic enclaves in the South and in large metro areas on the East and West coasts could be creating a positive feedback loop of entrepreneurship.
Other factors
The researchers investigated whether immigrant entrepreneurs from warmer origin countries were more likely to settle in warmer parts of the U.S. compared to immigrants from colder origin countries but found little evidence. Immigrants from Canada who started their own businesses also seemed to prefer places like Florida and Texas, rather than Iowa and North Dakota.
When checking whether differences in wealth and education had an effect, the researchers said they did not find these factors to be an explanation for immigrant self-employment differences across regions.
The researchers are confident in their analysis linking mean January temperatures and the rate of immigrant entrepreneurs, but Winters said trying to pinpoint an explanation is much harder.
"We're adding pieces to the puzzle, but we don't have the full image yet."
Changing the pattern
The researchers also looked for a link between January temperatures and rates of entrepreneurship for people born in the U.S. Winters said the data analysis showed no relationship, meaning a businessowner in northern Minnesota may like the idea of living in warm, sunny San Diego. But they stay in their birth state because that's where their family and friends are or because they grew up with certain experiences that they enjoy, like Nordic skiing and ice fishing.
Winters said community leaders cannot change the weather, but they can help foster that same attachment to a place for immigrants who come to the Midwest for education or paid positions. Along with ensuring school districts and city governments provide information in multiple languages, communities could invest in indoor recreational amenities and programs that make cold seasons more attractive (community-sponsored, family-friendly snowshoe events, for example).
State and regional organizations interested in boosting economic development could also expand and tailor accelerators, training and support to reach immigrants in the area who are interested in starting their own business.
"I think it's important to recognize that cold areas, like the Midwest, have some unique challenges to attract outside talent. If they can get people to think of these places as home, they are more likely to stay and may start a business," Winters said.
