Of the many ways to treat cancer, the oldest, and maybe most tried and true, is surgery. Even with the advent of chemotherapy, radiation therapy, and more experimental treatments like bacteria that seek and destroy cancer cells, cancers, very often, simply need to be cut out of a patient's body.
The goal is to remove all of the cancerous tissue while preserving as much of the surrounding healthy material as possible. But because it can be difficult to draw a clean line between cancerous and healthy tissues, surgeons often err on the side of caution and remove healthy tissue to make sure they have taken out all of the cancerous tissue.
This is especially problematic when a patient is suffering from a cancer that afflicts bones; bones present unique challenges during surgery because of how hard they are compared with other tissues and because they grow back much more slowly than other kinds of tissue.
"It's very hard to grow bone, so if you cut out bone, you basically lose it," says Bren Professor of Medical Engineering and Electrical Engineering Lihong Wang.
Lihong Wang
Credit: Caltech
A new diagnostic imaging technology developed by researchers at Caltech is offering surgeons the ability to make cuts 10 times more precisely, allowing them to preserve as much as 1,000 times more healthy tissue and to give patients easier recoveries.
The traditional methods used to determine whether a piece of bone contains cancer cells are time-consuming. The chunk of bone is removed and sent to a lab where its hard calcium matrix is slowly dissolved, leaving only the living cells behind. The remaining material is then sliced and imaged. Because the process can take anywhere between one and seven days to complete, surgeons cannot rely on it during surgery to determine the health of the bone around and near a tumor, and so they will remove even more of it than might be necessary-and more than they would in softer tissues that can be quickly biopsied.
The new imaging technology, called real-time 3-D contour-scan ultraviolet photoacoustic microscopy, or UV-PAM, is meant to replace the traditional method of identifying cancerous bone tissue. Because the process takes just minutes, it provides a surgeon with the ability to differentiate healthy bone from cancerous bone while they operate.
Like other photoacoustic imaging technologies developed by Wang, UV-PAM works by using laser light to cause molecules in living tissue to vibrate. Those vibrations happen at ultrasonic frequencies and can be used to image tissues and organs in the same way that that ultrasound is used to image a developing fetus.
UV-PAM uses ultraviolet wavelengths of laser light tuned to cause molecules of DNA and RNA to vibrate. Because cancer cells are structured differently, packed more densely, and contain much more DNA than healthy cells, an area of cancerous tissue will absorb more of the UV light and thus will provide a stronger ultrasonic signal than healthy tissue, making it possible for the surgeon to clearly identify areas of bone that need to be removed.
"We can provide results within 11 minutes, so they know exactly where to cut," Wang says.
The technology provides doctors with an image of the bone that they have scanned that is formatted to look like the images that are created through traditional biopsy techniques.
"We just present images to the pathologists," Wang says. "They use the same pattern recognition in their own brain to determine what is cancerous and what is healthy. That's their training."
Right now, the technology is only being demonstrated in a laboratory setting. Wang says he hopes to take it into the real world where it can be used on patients, but first he plans to make some improvements.
"We would like to give it even finer spatial resolution and greater imaging speed so we could even see some of the details within the cell nucleus more rapidly," he says. "Can we go beyond standard pathology? We are working on that."
The paper describing UV-PAM, titled "Deep learning assisted label-free ultraviolet photoacoustic histology for rapid diagnosis of bone cancer," appears in the September 19 of Nature Biomedical Engineering. Co-authors are Rui Cao, postdoctoral scholar research associate in medical engineering; Scott D. Nelson of UCLA; Samuel Davis, postdoctoral scholar research associate in medical engineering; Yu Liang of City of Hope; Yilin Luo, graduate student in medical engineering; Yide Zhang, postdoctoral scholar research associate in medical engineering; and Brooke Crawford of UCLA.
Funding for the research was provided by the National Institutes of Health.
