Coastal forests are increasingly exposed to the effects of climate change and sea level rise. However, scientists have an incomplete understanding of what this means for soil stability. This experiment examined how soil might change when transplanted between parts of a tidal creek that differed in salinity. Scientists found that soils with a history of salinity and inundation by seawater were more resistant to changes in water properties and movement. This suggests that the soils had already "learned" how to adapt to environmental changes. The researchers suggest that differences in the resilience of soils' carbon cycling vary across landscapes. This variation is likely due to the soils' composition, chemistry, other characteristics, and the legacy of prior exposure to disturbance.
The Impact
Coastal change research has traditionally focused on environments closest to the ocean, such as barrier islands, intertidal wetlands, and subtidal ecosystems. These studies have had conflicting results. Consequently, researchers know little about the sensitivity of coastal forest soil carbon to future changes in climate conditions. The results of this study suggest that disturbance legacies shape coastal forest soil responses to changing salinity and inundation from rising sea levels and storms. In the context of ongoing climate change, this type of manipulative transplant experiment provides a crucial inferential link between purely observational experiments, data synthesis efforts, and large-scale ecosystem manipulations.
Summary
Researchers used a natural salinity gradient in a tidal creek in eastern Maryland to examine how soil respiration and chemistry may change under novel salinity and inundation disturbance regimes. The team included Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, the lab's Joint Global Change Research Institute, and the Smithsonian Environmental Research Center. Researchers transplanted soil monoliths among plots varying in seawater exposure and elevation above the creek and monitored the soils for two years. The response of soil respiration—the flow of carbon dioxide from the soil to the atmosphere—was dependent upon the salinity and inundation legacies associated with each study location. Respiration did not change (i.e., high resistance) under new moisture conditions in lowland soils with a history of seawater exposure. Conversely, respiration decreased (i.e., low resistance) in upland soils that had little past exposure to seawater or inundation decreased (i.e., low resistance) and remained suppressed (i.e., low resilience) when those soils were exposed to wetter, saline conditions.
Additionally, transplantation resulted in greater changes to upland soil chemistry relative to that observed in lowland soils. Together, these results suggest that disturbance legacies shape coastal forest soil responses to changing salinity and inundation disturbance regimes. However, fully understanding the dependence of system responses on disturbance legacies requires future study across a variety of systems and spatial and temporal scales.
Funding
This research was initiated through the PREMIS Initiative, a Laboratory Directed Research and Development program at Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, and completed through the COMPASS-FME Project. COMPASS-FME is a multi-institutional project supported by the Department of Energy Office of Science, Biological and Environmental Research as part of the Environmental System Science program. This research was also supported by the Smithsonian Environmental Research Center.
