One out of every three kilogrammes of food in the world is wasted. 'Hence, preventing food waste is equally important for the climate as reducing the consumption of meat', says Toine Timmermans, programme manager of sustainable food chains at WUR.
Timmermans' eye was drawn to a remarkable quote on reducing food waste in a press release from the Dutch Academy of Food Sciences. The quote read: 'The environmental benefits are limited, but there are no drawbacks either.' The press release claimed that reducing the consumption of meat would, indeed, make a difference. The article quoted Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam professor of Nutrition for a Healthy Life Ingeborg Brouwer as saying this during a public lecture entitled "Healthy Food for a Healthy Planet."
'Eating less meat certainly benefits the environment. However, professor Brouwer suggests that reducing food waste hardly makes a difference. I hear this more often, but it is not true', says Timmermans. Global data show both reduced food waste and reduced meat consumption offer impactful contributions.
How much do we waste?
The FAO (the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organisation) estimated in 2019 that 14 per cent of the food is lost even before reaching the (super)market. This percentage is slightly higher for fruits and vegetables and slightly lower for animal products. 'The environmental impact of animal products is, however, much higher, as animals require land to graze and the remainder of their feed is cultivated,' says Timmermans.
Each kilogramme of food that is not wasted benefits the environment one hundred per cent
Food is not just wasted on its way to the consumers; there is also considerable food waste once the food reaches the consumer. Households, restaurants and shops waste no less than seventeen per cent. This amounts to 74 kilogrammes per person per year, regardless of the country's level of wealth. All in all, the FAO estimates that on a global scale, 33 per cent of all food is wasted. The WWF (World Wildlife Fund) even calculated 40 per cent in 2021.
The profit of less waste
If the environmental benefits of less food waste are small, as Brouwers suggested, the wasting of this amount of food would barely impact the environment. 'And precisely that is the issue,' says Timmermans. 'According to the 2020 IPCC climate report, food systems are responsible for one-third of the world's greenhouse gas emissions. This, the IPCC estimates that zero waste would lead to a reduction in emissions of between eight and ten per cent. Each kilogramme of food that is not wasted benefits the environment one hundred per cent.'
Less meat versus less waste
Still, reducing meat consumption is frequently seen as the key solution, says Timmermans. Eating more plant-based food requires less land, prevents deforestation and reduces greenhouse gas emissions. Timmermans: 'A lot of attention is focused on this solution, but it is only part of the whole story. Reducing food waste contributes in equal part. Because every kilogramme of food that is not wasted does not need to be produced, thus saving resources and land. This is less well known.'
The two main solutions are: eat more plant-based food, and prevent food waste
If half the world population were to choose a more plant-based diet (80%) and fewer animal products (20%), 78.3 Gt CO2 units would be saved. A similar calculation can be made for food waste, in addition to a more plant-based diet. Should we succeed in slashing global food waste in half, this would save 88.5 Gt CO2 units. 'Simply saying we should eat less meat is too one-sided', according to Timmermans. 'Dozens of different solutions are needed, and the two main solutions are: eat more plant-based food, and prevent food waste.'
On the right track
Food waste is to be reduced by half in 2030 according to one of the United Nations' Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Across the globe, countries work to reduce losses during the harvest, transportation and processing of food products and to raise awareness among consumers on their individual responsibility in combatting food waste. In the Netherlands, the supermarket sector reduced its losses from 1.7 to 1.6 per cent between 2018 and 2020. Food waste by consumers has dropped 29 per cent since 2013. Timmermans: 'Actions are being taken, but there is much room for improvement. During the Food Waste-Free Week from 12-18 September, we aim to have all of the Netherlands buy, cook and store their food waste-free. A simple act for a better climate.'
