Developing embryos of the endangered Elkhorn coral. New research shows that flash-frozen sperm collected from corals in Florida and Puerto Rico can be used to fertilize coral eggs from hundreds of miles away in Curaçao. The technique could be used as a conservation tool by introducing genetic variation into endangered corals and potentially accelerating their adaptation to climate change.
Image: Kristen Marhaver
Flash-frozen sperm collected from corals in Florida and Puerto Rico was used to fertilize coral eggs from hundreds of miles away in Curaçao. The technique could be used as a conservation tool by introducing genetic variation into endangered corals and potentially accelerating their adaptation to climate change. The juvenile corals raised from this trans-Caribbean coupling demonstrate the reproductive compatibility of coral colonies that would otherwise be too far apart to produce offspring in the wild and they represent the largest wildlife population ever raised from cryopreserved material.
A paper describing this study, by an international team of researchers, appears online Sept. 7 in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.
"Corals are a vital foundation species for reef ecosystems," said Iliana Baums, professor of biology at Penn State and one of the leaders of the research team. "Reefs provide habitat for astonishing species diversity, protect shorelines, and are economically important for fisheries, but they are suffering in many places due to warming ocean waters. Without intervention, we will continue to lose corals to climate change with potentially disastrous consequences."
Genetic diversity is the fuel for species adaptation. One of the main sources of genetic diversity is sexual reproduction - new combinations of genes are created when a sperm fertilizes an egg. However, sexual reproduction by Caribbean corals in the wild is now vanishingly rare. Worse yet, because corals are sessile creatures, they have a limited ability to gain new genetic diversity through gene flow, the evolutionary force that increases genetic diversity when distant populations come together, each bringing with them their own unique versions of genes.
"To increase genetic diversity in corals, we can use 'assisted gene flow' by bringing corals together that are physically distant in the wild, but this is logistically incredibly difficult," said Baums.
"Most corals only attempt sexual reproduction once a year and the eggs and sperm are only viable for a short time period," said Mary Hagedorn, research biologist at the Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute and lead author of the study, who developed the technique to cryopreserve coral sperm. "Cryopreservation allows us to breed corals with parentage from hundreds of miles apart."
Most corals reproduce by broadcasting bundles of eggs and sperm into the sea water in a spectacular spawning event timed with the full moon. The researchers collected these bundles from corals in Florida and Puerto Rico, separated the eggs and sperm, and then quickly froze the sperm cells using a liquid nitrogen cryopreservation technique.
"Because these corals only produce eggs and sperm once per year, frozen sperm collected in Florida and Puerto Rico needed to be cryopreserved in advance and stored for over a year until it could be used for a spawning event in Curaçao," said Baums.
Some of the sperm were kept frozen at the USDA National Animal Germplasm Program's gene bank for up to 10 years. The frozen sperm was transported to Curaçao where it was thawed and used to fertilize fresh eggs collected locally. The fertilized eggs developed into larvae that were then transported to Mote Marine Laboratory and The Florida Aquarium in Florida, where they were allowed to develop into adults.
"Overall, 42% of the trans-Caribbean coral offspring survived to at least six months, the highest survival rate ever achieved in this endangered species," said Kristen Marhaver, a marine biologist at the CARMABI Foundation in Curaçao and co-corresponding author of the study. "This would have been impossible without the skill and hard work of the aquarists who joined our collaboration."
"We confirmed the trans-Caribbean parentage of the corals using a genotyping 'chip' developed in my lab," said Baums. "These results demonstrate that assisted gene flow could be a valuable tool in conservation by introducing genetic diversity into this critically endangered marine species."
In addition to Baums, Hagedorn, and Marhaver, the research team includes Trinity Conn at Penn State; Claire Lager and Nikolas Zuchowicz at the Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute; Christopher A. Page at the Mote Marine Laboratory in Florida; Keri O'Neil at The Florida Aquarium Center for Conservation; Daisy M. Flores at the University of Bremen in Germany; Lucas Tichy at Raboud University in The Netherlands; Valérie F. Chamberland at SECORE International in Ohio and CARMABI Foundation in Curaçao; Kathryn Lohr at the University of Florida/IFAS; Harvey Blackburn at the U.S. Department of Agriculture; Tali Vardi at the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Fisheries; Jennifer Moore and Tom Moore at the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration; and Mark J. A. Vermeij at CARMABI Foundation in Curaçao and the University of Amsterdam.
The research was funded by the Paul G. Allen Family Foundation. Additional support was provided by the Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, the Hawaii Institute of Marine Biology, the Volgenau Fitzgerald Family Fund, National Geographic, the U.S. National Science Foundation, and the Government of Curaçao.
