A new technology enables the control of specific brain circuits non-invasively with magnetic fields, according to a preclinical study from researchers at Weill Cornell Medicine, the Rockefeller University and the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai.
The technology holds promise as a powerful tool for studying the brain and as the basis for future neurological and psychiatric treatments for conditions as diverse as Parkinson's disease, depression, obesity and complex pain.
The new gene-therapy technology is described in a paper published Oct. 9 in Science Advances. The researchers performed experiments in mice showing that it can switch on or off selected populations of neurons, with clear effects on the animals' movements. In one experiment, they used it to reduce abnormal movements in a mouse model of Parkinson's disease.
"We envision that magnetogenetics technology may someday be used to benefit patients in a wide range of clinical settings," said study senior author Dr. Michael Kaplitt, M.D. '95, professor and executive vice-chairman of neurological surgery at Weill Cornell Medicine and director of Movement Disorders Surgery at NewYork-Presbyterian/Weill Cornell Medical Center.
The study was a collaboration between Kaplitt's laboratory and the laboratories of Dr. Jeffrey Friedman, the Marilyn M. Simpson Professor in the Laboratory of Molecular Genetics at the Rockefeller University; and Dr. Sarah Stanley, an assistant professor in the Department of Medicine at the Icahn School of Medicine at Mt. Sinai.
The study's first author was Santiago Unda, a postdoctoral researcher in Kaplitt's laboratory.
Controlling brain circuits in real time, in a way that allows animals - or humans - to move around normally, has been a major goal for neuroscientists, but a challenging one. In the laboratory, optogenetics technology, for example, can make selected neurons switch on or off immediately with light pulses, but requires an invasive apparatus for delivering those light pulses to the brain. In the clinic, deep brain stimulation permits modulation of brain regions, but this also requires a permanently implanted device and greater precision also remains a goal.
After doing early work on magnetogenetic technology as an alternative to other approaches, Friedman and Stanley joined forces with Kaplitt, a pioneer of brain-targeted gene therapies, to develop a method of this type with the potential for clinical applications.
The resulting approach uses gene therapy techniques to deliver an engineered ion-channel protein to a desired type of neuron. The ion channel protein essentially works as a switch to turn affected neurons on or off, and is sensitive to a magnetic field because it includes an antibody-like protein that sticks to a natural iron-trapping protein called ferritin. While the gene therapy is delivered to precise brain regions through a minimally invasive surgery, a sufficiently strong magnetic field can then exert enough force on the ferritin-trapped iron atoms to open or close the channel - activating the neuron or inhibiting it, depending on the design, without the need for an implanted device or drug.
In one proof of concept, the team injected the gene therapy for the magnetically sensitive channels into specific neurons within a movement-controlling region called the striatum in mice; they then used the magnetic field from a magnetic resonance imaging machine to activate the neurons and markedly slow, even freeze, the mice's movements. In another experiment, they reduced neuronal activity in a brain region called the subthalamic nucleus to ameliorate movement abnormalities in a parkinsonism mouse model.
The researchers showed that their method can work even when using a much smaller and less expensive "transcranial magnetic stimulation" device, which is often used currently in the clinic to treat patients with depression, migraine and other conditions.
The experiments uncovered no safety issues, and the researchers note that normal ambient magnetic fields would be far too weak to trigger magnetogenetic switches inadvertently.
The team now intends to explore potential clinical applications including treatments for psychiatric disorders and even chronic pain in peripheral nerves. They also will continue to explore and optimize the magnetogenetics technology itself.
"Being able now to do directional manipulations of brain activity with this relatively simple system is going to be very important in helping us better understand the underlying principles to help further advance this new technology," Unda said.
Many Weill Cornell Medicine physicians and scientists maintain relationships and collaborate with external organizations to foster scientific innovation and provide expert guidance. The institution makes these disclosures public to ensure transparency. For this information, see profile for Dr. Michael Kaplitt.
Jim Schnabel is a freelance writer for Weill Cornell Medicine.
