For more than 20 years, scientists have known that people with hypertension, diabetes, high cholesterol, or obesity have a higher likelihood of developing Alzheimer's disease.
The conditions can all affect the brain, damaging blood vessels and leading to strokes. But the connection between vascular disease in the brain and Alzheimer's has remained unexplained despite the intense efforts of researchers.
Now, a study led by researchers at Columbia University's Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons has uncovered a possible mechanism. The study found a gene called FMNL2 links cerebrovascular disease and Alzheimer's and suggests changes in FMNL2 activity caused by cerebrovascular disease prevent the efficient clearance of toxic proteins from the brain, eventually leading to Alzheimer's disease.
The finding could lead to a way to prevent Alzheimer's in people with hypertension, diabetes, obesity, or heart disease.
"Not only do we have a gene, but we have a potential mechanism," says senior author Richard Mayeux, MD, chair of neurology at Columbia and NewYork-Presbyterian/Columbia University Irving Medical Center. "People have been trying to figure this out for a couple of decades, and I think we have our foot in the door now. We feel there must be other genes involved and that we've just scratched the surface."
Mayeux and his colleagues found FMNL2 in a genome-wide hunt designed to uncover genes associated with both vascular risk factors and Alzheimer's disease. The search involved five groups of patients representing different ethnic groups.
One gene, FMNL2, stood out during the analysis. But what role it could possibly play was unclear. That's when Caghan Kizil, PhD, a visiting associate professor at Columbia, leveraged his expertise with zebrafish as a model organism for Alzheimer's disease.
FMNL2 and the blood-brain barrier
"We had this gene, FMNL2, that was lying at the interface between Alzheimer's disease in the brain and cerebrovascular risk factors," says Kizil. "So we had an idea that FMNL2 might operate in the blood-brain barrier, where brain cells meet the vasculature."
The blood-brain barrier is a semi-permeable, highly controlled border between capillaries and brain tissue that serves as a defense against disease-causing pathogens and toxins in the blood. Astrocytes, a specialized type of brain cell, compose and maintain the structure of the blood-brain barrier by forming a protective sheath around the blood vessel. This astrocyte sheath needs to loosen for the clearance of toxic amyloid-the aggregates of proteins that accumulate in the brain and lead to Alzheimer's disease.
The zebrafish model confirmed the presence of FMNL2 in the astrocyte sheath, which retracted its grip on the blood vessel once toxic proteins were injected into the brain, presumably to allow for clearance. When Kizil and his colleagues blocked the function of FMNL2, this retraction did not occur, preventing clearance of amyloid from the brain. The same process was then confirmed using transgenic mice with Alzheimer's disease.
The same process may also occur in the human brain. The researchers studied postmortem human brains and found increased expression of FMNL2 in people with Alzheimer's disease, along with breach of the blood-brain barrier and retraction of the astrocytes.
Based on these findings, the researchers propose that FMNL2 opens the blood-brain-barrier-by controlling its astrocytes-and promotes the clearance of extracellular aggregates from the brain. And that cerebrovascular disease, by interacting with FMNL2, reduces the clearance of amyloid in the brain.
The team is currently in the process of investigating other genes that could be involved in the interplay between Alzheimer's and cerebrovascular disease, which, along with FMNL2, could provide future approaches for drug development.
References
More information
The study, titled "FMNL2 regulates gliovascular interactions and is associated with vascular risk factors and cerebrovascular pathology in Alzheimer's disease," was published May 24 in Acta Neuropathologica.
Richard Mayeux, MD, is the Gertrude H. Sergievsky Professor of Neurology, Psychiatry and Epidemiology, director of the Gertrude H. Sergievsky Center, and co-director of the Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain at Columbia University.
The research was supported by the National Institutes of Health (grants RF1AG054023, R01AG067501, RF1AG066107, R01AG072474, P30AG10161, R01AG15819, R01AG17917, U01AG61356, R01AG036836, and U01AG046152); a Taub Institute Schaefer Research Scholar Award; the German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases; and TAME-AD (The Thompson Family Foundation Program for Accelerated Medicine Exploration in Alzheimer's Disease and Related Disorders of the Nervous System).
All authors: Annie J. Lee (Columbia), Neha S. Raghavan (Columbia), Prabesh Bhattarai (Columbia and German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases), Tohid Siddiqui (German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases), Sanjeev Sariya (Columbia), Dolly Reyes‐Dumeyer (Columbia), Xena E. Flowers (Columbia), Sarah A.L. Cardoso (Columbia), Philip L. De Jager (Columbia), David A. Bennett (Rush University Medical Center), Julie A. Schneider (Rush University Medical Center), Vilas Menon (Columbia), Yanling Wang (Rush University Medical Center), Rafael A. Lantigua (Columbia), Martin Medrano (Pontificia Universidad Catolica Madre y Maestra, Dominican Republic), Diones Rivera (Universidad Pedro Henriquez Urena, Dominican Republic), Ivonne Z. Jiménez‐Velázquez (University of Puerto Rico School of Medicine), Walter A. Kukull (University of Washington), Adam M. Brickman (Columbia), Jennifer J. Manly (Columbia), Giuseppe Tosto (Columbia), Caghan Kizil (Columbia and German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases), Badri N. Vardarajan (Columbia), and Richard Mayeux (Columbia).
