Mussels are among the ultimate superfoods, high in vitamin B12, omega-3 and great for the heart. Now, new research shows they are also likely to withstand marine heatwaves by adjusting their body functions.
In an experiment testing the impact of a marine heatwave on large and small mussels, both sizes came through with flying colours, demonstrating their remarkable ability to cope with environmental stress, despite short term physiological changes.
Researchers from the Chinese University of Hong Kong and University of South Australia tested vital signs of mussels exposed to three weeks of very warm ocean temperatures. Although their heart and clearance* rates increased with the elevated temperatures, within a week of the heatwave ending, their vital signs had returned to normal.
"This bodes well for their survival under future marine heatwaves, with these events predicted to increase in severity, frequency and duration," says UniSA environmental lecturer Dr Laura Falkenberg, who was involved in the study.
"We expected to see some marked impacts of increased ocean temperature on their vital signs, including survival, heart and respiratory rates, but to our surprise they were extremely resilient, persisting through - and recovering after - the marine heatwave."
Mussels are vital to marine ecosystems, playing critical roles in recycling nutrients and improving water quality in coastal systems by filtering large volumes of water while feeding, which helps to keep the water clean.
They are also an important source of protein for humans, in particular iron, B-12 and omega-3, containing over nine times the amount of B-12 than beef and five times more than salmon.
Dr Falkenberg says very few studies to date have looked at the capacity of organisms to recover from marine heatwaves, and which factors may affect this capacity.
The mussel Perna viridis is abundant in the Indo Pacific region, which is projected to experience a higher increase in marine heatwaves in coming decades, relative to other latitudes.
In the experiment, large and small Asian green mussels were collected from Tolo Harbour in Hong Kong, kept in laboratory conditions in tanks filled with seawater, and fed a phytoplankton diet. Half of the tanks were controls and the remainder were experimental tanks, where the temperature was increased by 1ºC each day until it reached almost 27 degrees Celsius.
Elevated temperatures were maintained for three weeks, and the biological responses of the mussels were measured in the final two days. The temperatures of the heatwave tanks were then lowered to the control temperature and the mussels monitored over the next week.
Following the heatwave recovery period, all physiological traits - including heart rate, temperature and clearance rate - returned to normal levels, showing that the mussels' long-term functioning was unaffected by heatwave conditions.
"Mussels have limited strategies to regulate their core body temperature, and adjusting their heart rate and clearance rate may be the primary ways they can respond," says Dr Falkenberg.
Researchers say the ability of mussels to adjust their cardiac activity could help maintain normal functioning of the circulatory system, which is closely associated with feeding, growth and reproduction.
Notably, their ability to increase clearance rates under elevated temperatures may also benefit other organisms in coastal systems, as marine heatwaves often drive algal and plankton blooms.
Notes to editors
"Mussels show capacity for persistence under, and recovery from, marine heatwaves" is published by Marine Biology (https://doi.org/10.1007/s00227-023-04274-5)
The authors are PhD student James Ducker and Dr Patrick Joyce from the Chinese University of Hong Kong, and Dr Laura Falkenberg from the University of South Australia.
*Clearance rate is the rate at which a certain volume of water is cleared from all particles.
