In 2019, NASA celebrated the 50th anniversary of the agencys Apollo 11 Moon landing, the most historic moment in space exploration, while also making significant progress toward putting the first woman and next man on the Moon by 2024 under the Artemis program.
Through Americas Moon to Mars exploration approach, Artemis gained bipartisan support this year among members of Congress, the U.S aerospace industry, as well as with international partners, including Canada, Australia, and Japan, and member states of the European Space Agency.
2019 will be remembered as the year the Artemis program really became a reality with real spaceflight hardware built, U.S. commercial and international partnerships standing behind it, and hardworking teams across NASA and the world coming together like never before to quickly and sustainably explore the Moon and use what we learn there to enable humanitys next giant leap sending astronauts to Mars, said NASA Administrator Jim Bridenstine. While the Artemis program came into sharp focus this year, NASA continued to show what leading in space exploration is all about, whether it was kicking off 2019 with New Horizons historic Kuiper Belt object flyby, conducting the first all-woman spacewalk outside the International Space Station, or developing the first flying robotic explorer to study Saturns moon Titan. And wait until you see what we do in 2020!
The Office of the Chief Financial Officer received a successful clean audit in 2019 the ninth consecutive clean financial audit opinion for the agency. And for the eighth year in a row, NASA retained its standing as the number one large agency in the Best Places to Work in Government rankings, published by the Partnership for Public Service.
Throughout this year, as I have visited each of our centers, I have personally witnessed their unparalleled commitment to accomplishing our mission. The daily devotion of our employees makes them well deserving of this award, Bridenstine said. I am honored to lead such a dedicated team. They are what makes NASA the Best Place to Work in Government."
Moon to Mars
This year, NASA officially named the new lunar exploration program Artemis, for the goddess of the Moon and twin sister of Apollo. Under Artemis, NASA will send new science instruments and technology demonstrations to study the Moon, accelerate plans to send astronauts to the Moon by 2024, and establish sustainable lunar exploration by 2028.
Science and technology progress in Artemis includes:
- Two sets of Moon rocks, sealed since they were collected by Apollo astronauts and returned to Earth nearly 50 years ago, were opened for study.
- NASA announced it will send a new mobile robot, VIPER, to the lunar South Pole to scout and sample ice in the region.
- Twelve new lunar science and technology investigations were selected in February and July, 24 total, to fly on early Commercial Lunar Payload Services (CLPS) flights to the Moon.
- The agency awarded initial surface task orders for commercial Moon deliveries.
- New CLPS contracts were awarded to five companies to support the next generation of lunar landers that can land heavier payloads on the surface of the Moon. A total of 14 companies now are eligible to bid on these deliveries.
- NASA received a record-breaking 10,932,295 names to travel to Mars on the agencys upcoming Mars 2020 mission.
- Engineers attached the Mars Helicopter to the Mars 2020 rover. After the rover lands at the Jezero Crater, the helicopter will be deployed to conduct test flights.
- The international mission team for NASAs Interior Exploration using Seismic Investigations, Geodesy and Heat Transport (InSight) lander continues to assess the landers heat probe, while the lander's seismometer collects data on quakes.
- NASA selected 14 Tipping Point and 19 Announcement of Collaboration Opportunity proposals from U.S. companies that focus on technologies and capabilities needed for a sustainable presence on the Moon by 2028.
- The agency partnered with Advanced Space to develop and build a pathfinder CubeSat destined for the same lunar orbit planned for NASAs lunar Gateway.
- The Sample Analysis at Mars chemistry lab on NASAs Curiosity rover measured seasonal methane and oxygen spikes in Mars atmosphere.
- Technology sensors and an in-situ resource utilization experiment were installed on the Mars 2020 entry vehicle and rover.
NASA continues to advance development of our Space Launch System (SLS) rocket and Orion spacecraft, which will send astronauts to deep space.
- NASA demonstrated that Orions launch abort system can pull astronauts to safety if an emergency occurs during launch, and assembled the spacecraft for the first Artemis mission, Artemis I. It was delivered to Ohio for final testing for the extreme environment of space before its returned to NASAs Kennedy Space Center in Florida for launch preparation.
- On the SLS rocket for the first Artemis mission, engineers completed the segments for the boosters and assembled the core stage. The core stage next will ship to NASAs Stennis Space Center in Bay St. Louis, Mississippi, for a Green Run test of the integrated propulsion system before joining Orion at Kennedy for stacking.
- Teams at Kennedy conducted a series of water flow tests of the sound suppression system at the launch pad and tested the flow of cryogenic fluids through the pads infrastructure the systems that will send liquid hydrogen and liquid oxygen to the rocket at the time of launch.
- The launch team at Kennedy held its first formal training simulation for Artemis I, and flightcontrollers at NASAs Johnson Space Center in Houston simulated part ofOrions uncrewed flight to the Moon.
Work also began on hardware for Artemis II, the first SLS/Orion test flight with astronauts aboard. NASA and Northrop Grumman technicians applied insulation to the final booster motor segment of SLS and completed casting of all 10 booster motor segments. The agency also issued a request for proposals from U.S. small satellite developers to fly their missions as secondary payloads on Artemis II.
Development of the key pieces of NASAs lunar architecture is underway:
- NASA awarded a contract for the first element of the Gateway, which will provide power, propulsion, and communications to the lunar outpost. The new Gateway Program is based out of Johnson.
- Negotiations are underway for the Gateways habitation and logistics outpost (HALO) module, and awards are expected in the future for logistics supply services.
- NASA announced astronaut spacesuit designs for the Artemis III mission, which will include the return of astronauts to the Moons surface. The agency is asking industry for input on production for Artemis IV missions and beyond.
- The agency also announced its Marshall Space Flight Center in Huntsville, Alabama, will manage its new Human Landing System Program and asked American companies to design, develop, and demonstrate a human lander.
NASAs InSight lander captured audio of the first likely quake on Mars on April 6.
The agency also bid farewell to a veteran Martian science rover on Feb. 13 and captured audio of the first likely quake on Mars. The Mars Opportunity Rover mission stopped communicating with Earth when a severe Mars-wide dust storm blanketed its location in June 2018. Designed to last just 90 Martian days and travel less than 3,300 feet (1,000 meters), Opportunity far surpassed all expectations, exceeding its life expectancy by 60 times, traveling more than 28 miles (45 kilometers), and returning more than 217,000 images.
Solar System and Beyond
It was a great year for astrobiology and the agencys search for life in the universe:
- Scientists synthesized a molecular DNA-like system in NASA-funded research a feat that suggests there could be an alternative to DNA-based life as we know it.
- NASA selected Dragonfly, a rotocraft-lander that will survey locations on Saturns moon Titan for prebiotic chemical processes common on Titan and Earth.
Other highlights this year include:
- On New Years Day 2019, NASAs New Horizons mission flew by the most distant object ever visited by a spacecraft and became the first to directly explore an object that holds remnants from the birth of our solar system.
- NASA launched the Ionospheric Connection Explorer (ICON) spacecraft and announced the first results from the agencys Parker Solar Probe mission.
- Significant progress was made on the agencys James Webb Space Telescope. The two halves of Webb were assembled into one observatory and the sunshield passed a critical test.
- After a navigation maneuver to keep NASAs Juno mission out of an eclipse that could have frozen the solar powered spacecraft, it discovered a new cyclone at Jupiters south pole. The cyclone is the size of Texas, small by Jupiter standards.
- NASA's next Mars rover, Mars 2020, passed its first driving test as it rolled forward and backward and pirouetted in a clean room at NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Pasadena, California, on Dec. 17. The next time the rover drives, it will be rolling over Martian soil.
- The EuropaClippermissions next phase was confirmed with a decision in August to allow the mission to progress to completion of final design, followed by the construction and testing of the entire spacecraft and science payload.
- NASAs Chandra, Nuclear Spectroscopic Telescope Array (NUSTAR), Fermi, Swift, and Neutron star Interior Composition Explorer (NICER) telescopes contributed to the first direct imaging of a black hole. Chandra, which celebrated its 20th anniversary, separately spotted three black holes on a collision course.
- The agencys Hubble Space Telescope observed the first confirmed interstellar comet and found water vapor on a habitable-zone exoplanet for the first time.
- The Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite (TESS) completed its first year of science, capturing a panorama of the southern sky and finding 29 confirmed planets and more than 1,000 planet candidates. TESS also captured a rare astrophysical event a black hole tearing apart a star.
- The Stratospheric Observatory for Infrared Astronomy (SOFIA) detected the universes first type of molecule, helium hydride.
- The Spectro-Photometer for the History of the Universe, Epoch of Reionization and Ices Explorer (SPHEREx) mission was selected to help us understand how our universe evolved and to search our galaxy for the ingredients for life.
- NASAs Wide Field Infrared Survey Telescope (WFIRST) was cleared for the next development phase: finalizing the spacecrafts design.
- The Origins Spectral Interpretation Resource Identification Security - Regolith Explorer (OSIRIS-Rex) made the first-ever close-up observations of particle plumes erupting from an asteroids surface, and the mission team announced the site on the asteroid Bennu where the mission will collect samples that will be returned to Earth in 2023.
Humans in Space
NASA astronauts Anne McClain, Nick Hague, Christina Koch, Andrew Morgan, and Jessica Meir of the 2013 astronaut class all participated in their first spaceflight missions to the International Space Station. Each also conducted their first spacewalks, including the first all-woman spacewalk with Meir and Koch.
The space station is facilitating a strong commercial market in low-Earth orbit for research, technology development, and crew and cargo transportation, and remains the sole space-based proving ground andstepping stonefor theArtemisprogram. In 2019:
- SpaceXs Crew Dragon returned to Earth after a five-day demonstration mission to thespace station for NASAs Commercial Crew Program. SpaceX now is preparing for an in-flight abort test in advance of its first flight with astronauts.
- NASA and Boeing are collecting data and lessons learned from the uncrewed flight test of Boeings CST-100 Starliner, which launched and landed successfully, but was unable to dock with the space station. Boeing successfully completed a key safety milestone in November with a test of its abort system.
- NASA astronauts assigned to the first Commercial Crew Program flights trained extensively in preparation for their flight tests on Crew Dragon and Starliner.
- Koch and Morgan are participating in extended missions to provide further opportunities to observe the effects of long-duration space travel. On Dec. 28, Koch will set a record for the longest single spaceflight by a woman.
- Results from NASAs landmark Twins Study were published, revealing the resilience of the human body in space.
- NASA announced a five-point plan to open the space station to U.S. industry to accelerate a thriving commercial economy in low-Earth orbit.
- Five commercial cargo missions delivered more than 32,000 pounds of science investigations, tools, and critical supplies to the space station and returned more than 10,800 pounds of investigations and equipment to researchers on Earth.
- Commercial resupply missions enabled the crew to support more than 100 new U.S. science investigations to advance human space exploration and conduct research for theU.S. National Laboratory to benefit life on Earth.
- Research conducted on station included experiments to better understand: human adaptations to spaceflight; howfluid shiftsaffect an astronauts blood flow and regolithbehaves in microgravity; black holes and quantum mechanics; and how best to grow andharvest vegetables in space and measure atmospheric carbon dioxide.
- Also tested on the space station was a free-flying robot system, a new air quality monitoring system, a vest designed to protect astronauts from radiation, a new medical research technology calledtissue chips, and a virtual reality camera.
- NASA astronauts participated in 10 spacewalks to install a new docking port for commercial crew spacecraft, upgrade the stations power system, and repair an instrument that is searching for dark matter, anti-matter, and dark energy.
Flight
NASAs aeronautics team reached several major milestones in its efforts to enable commercial supersonic air travel over land.
- NASA tested the eXternal Vision System, a forward-facing camera and display system that lets the pilot see the airspace in front of him or her, for the X-59 Quiet SuperSonic Technology (QueSST).
- NASA deployed CarpetDiem along a 30-mile-stretch of the Mojave Desert in California to test a specially-configured microphone array that will be used when the X-59 makes a series of acoustic validation flights in 2021.
- The X-59 project team completed its critical design review and the aircraft was cleared in December for final assembly and systems integration.
NASAs research into electric-poweredflightwith theX-57 Maxwell made headlines throughout the year.
- NASA devised a custom-designed skin around the aircrafts motor electronics to cool them without changing the aircrafts shape or design.
- NASA and General Electric announced a $12 million partnership to further explore electrified aircraft propulsion and received the X-57s Mod II aircraft, paving the way for NASA engineers to put the aircraft through ground, taxi and flight tests.
Another major aeronautics focus was NASAs ongoing work in Urban Air Mobility a safe and efficient system for passenger and cargo air transportation.
- NASA selected two organizations to host the final phase of its four-year series of technical demonstrations involving small Unmanned Aircraft Systems (UAS), or drones, in Reno, Nevada, and Corpus Christi, Texas.
- NASA and Uber partnered on computer modeling and simulation of airspace management for small aircraftin crowded city environments. NASA also launched its solicitation for companies to participate in the Urban Air Mobility Grand Challenge.
Continuing other avenues of research in aviation technology, the agency:
- signed contracts with three industry partners to demonstrate the use of systems for the safe operation of drones in the national airspace;
- successfully tested an advanced photographic technology that captured the first-ever images of the interaction of shockwaves from two supersonic aircraft in flight;
- demonstrated a new aircraft wing using advanced carbon fiber composites that can flex in flight to maximize aerodynamic efficiency;
- brought onboard its newest world-class research facility, the NASA Electric Aircraft Testbed (NEAT), in Sandusky, Ohio, which provides a reconfigurable research platform capable of accommodating power systems for large passenger airplanes with megawatts of power;
- demonstrated air traffic management tools that manage the movement of aircraft from an airport gate to a spot in the sky after takeoff; and,
- installed onto a flying testbed small fins made from shape memory alloys to help control airflow during flight.
Space Technology
As NASA embarked on the next era of exploration in 2019, the agency continued to advance technologies needed for a sustainable human presence on the Moon and future human missions to Mars.
- Two NASA technology demonstrations were launched to improve how spacecraft travel and navigate. The Green Propellant Infusion Mission is successfully demonstrating a low-toxin propellant andNASAs Deep Space Atomic Clock is close to determining how well our clock keeps time, down to the nanosecond.
- A biology experiment on the space station is testing a method of using microorganisms to produce nutrients usually found in vegetables.
- Google, in partnership with NASA and Oak Ridge National Laboratory, achieved quantum supremacy by demonstrating the ability to compute in seconds what would take the largest and most advanced supercomputers thousands of years.
- NASA demonstrated the first coordinated maneuver between two CubeSats in low-Earth orbit, and two CubeSats teamed up for a laser communications pointing experiment.
- NASA awarded a contract to Made In Space to 3D print and assemble spacecraft parts in low-Earth orbit.
- NASA helped test a commercial terrain-relative navigation system for precise lunar landings and dozens of other technologies aboard suborbital rockets, spacecraft, planes and balloons.
- The 3D-Printed Habitat Challenge wrapped up after 30 hours of 3D printing prototype planetary habitats. College students practiced drilling for water on the Moon and Mars using simulated soil and ice stations.
- NASA established two new space technology research institutes to study smart habitats. NASA-funded university faculty and graduate students researched technologies for robot explorers, spacecraft temperature control and more.
- Two NASA Innovative Advanced Concepts aimed at exploring lunar craters and mining asteroids received another round of NASA funding
- The agency licensed to commercial companies NASA technologies and software that can be used to create products and solutions to benefit people everywhere.
- NASA awarded nearly $180 million, in May, June and November, to hundreds of U.S. small businesses to advance capabilities in aeronautics and space.
Earth
NASA continued to use its perspective of Earth from space to improve lives and revolutionize our understanding of how our planet is changing.
- After powerful Hurricane Dorian hit the Bahamas in September, NASA assisted emergency response organizations by creating detailed damage assessment and flood maps based on satellite data.
- The largest migration of small sea creatures on the planet was studied globally for the first time using the Cloud-Aerosol Lidar and Infrared Pathfinder Satellite Observations (CALIPSO) satellite.
- A study showed that the increasing dryness of the atmosphere above the Amazon rainforest is primarily the result of human activities and is increasing the demand for water and leaving ecosystems vulnerable to fires and drought.
- A new NASA laser instrument on the space station began collecting data to create detailed 3D maps of Earths forests and topography.
STEM Engagement
NASA provided more than $32 million in financial support to more than 8,000 students participating in internships and fellowships through its: Minority University Research and Education Project (MUREP); Established Program to Stimulate Competitive Research (EPSCoR); Space Grant Project; and Next Gen STEM. Nearly 40% of the opportunities were filled by women, and 30% went to racial or ethnic minorities.
Participating in NASAs Micro-g Neutral Buoyancy Experiment Design Team (Micro-g NExT) program, Team CERO, from Lone Star College-CyFair in Cypress, Texas, became the first team to have their tool sent to the International Space Station, where it was used during a spacewalk on Nov. 22 to repair theAlpha Magnetic Spectrometer.
NASA also engaged students, educators and the public in STEM through a series of public events including:
