According to the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, nearly 600 million tons of construction and demolition debris from man-made polymers and petroleum-based materials was generated in 2018 in the United States. That total amounts to more than twice the amount of municipal solid waste that was generated during that same period. A new grant from the American Institute of Architects (AIA) will allow a Penn State-led research team to study whether fungal biomaterials can replace synthetic acoustic insulation, potentially reducing construction waste.
Benay Gürsoy, assistant professor of architecture in the College of Arts and Architecture's Stuckeman School, leads a team of researchers that has been awarded an AIA Upjohn Research Initiative Grant to study the acoustic absorption properties of mycelium, which is the root-like structure of mushrooms and other fungi, with the goal of designing and building acoustic panel prototypes to be tested in the built environment.
Titled "Fungal Biomaterials for Sustainable Architectural Acoustics," the project builds on work Gürsoy has been leading in her Form and Matter (ForMat) Lab within the Stuckeman Center for Design Computing on fabricating biodegradable building components using mycelium. The lab's work was awarded an Upjohn Research Initiative grant last year, the Skidmore Owings & Merrill (SOM) Foundation 2021 Research Prize and was featured in the Biomaterial Building Exposition at the University of Virginia last spring.
According to Gürsoy, there is a growing community of architects that is exploring the use of mycelium, which can be grown on a variety of organic waste materials, in architecture.
"Mycelium-based composites are renewable and biodegradable biomaterials that result when mycelium, the vegetative root of fungi, is grown on agricultural plant-based residues. These novel biomaterials have the potential to replace conventional petrochemical building materials without relying on the extraction of non-renewable resources," she said. "In our research at ForMat Lab, we explore sustainable ways of cultivating mycelium-based building parts and structures."
Natalie Walter, a second-year master's degree student who is a co-principal investigator (PI) on the project, became interested in Gürsoy's work with mycelium-based composites while finishing her bachelor of architecture degree at Penn State. She was awarded an Erickson Discovery Grant as an undergraduate architecture student, which she used to explore mycelium-based composites and their relationship to architectural acoustics with Gürsoy.
"This experience initiated the line of research on myco-acoustics, which has informed my master's thesis, as well as this Upjohn project," she said.
Walter is cultivating mycelium-based composite samples in the Mushroom Research Center at Penn State to determine their acoustic absorption abilities as well as their mechanical properties to assess their use in building applications.
Penn State faculty researchers John Pecchia, associate professor of plant pathology and director of the Mushroom Research Center, and Nathan Brown, assistant professor of architectural engineering, are co-PIs on the project, as is Linnea Hesse, group leader of the Plant Biomechanics Group at the Botanical Garden at the University of Freiburg. ForMat Lab researchers Ali Ghazvinian, an architecture doctoral candidate, and Alale Mohseni, an architecture master's degree student, are collaborators.
"Right now, we are investigating if our biomaterials can compare acoustically to conventional acoustic materials by testing them in an impedance tube to gather their absorption coefficients, which we then use to analyze their acoustic performance," explained Walter. "We are also doing mechanical tests to ensure that these materials can physically be used for acoustic panels."
Walter said that the team is hoping to gain a more holistic understanding of mycelium-based composites - and biomaterials, in general - for use as architectural components.
"We believe that biomaterials can play a huge role in reducing the embodied carbon [the term for the greenhouse gas emissions that arise from the manufacturing, transportation, installation, maintenance and disposal of building materials] and amount of waste generated during material manufacturing. So, from a materials standpoint, we hope to contribute new knowledge to this field that can benefit the architectural industry at large," she said.
Walter also said that the team's work is novel in the interdisciplinary approach that is being taken.
"This project combines fields of architecture, engineering, mycology and acoustics into one line of research. With this approach, we can see different perspectives that we may have been unable to consider with just architectural backgrounds," she said.
Gürsoy agrees that the approach the team is taking to the project allows for a deeper understanding of this novel biomaterial and its mechanical and acoustic performance.
"We are validating the research by designing, building, testing and learning from full-scale prototypes, alongside computer simulation models and optimization techniques," said Gürsoy.
Gürsoy was one of the co-organizers of the Fungal Biomaterials and Biofabrication Workshop at Penn State in May 2022, an event that featured interdisciplinary presentations, panels and discussion groups with the goal of initiating new research collaborations and initiatives on fungal biomaterials.
