A new astronomical survey that will see University of Warwick scientists mapping around 350,000 star systems has made its first observations.
The Sloan Digital Sky Survey's fifth generation collected its very first observations of the cosmos at 1:47 a.m. on October 24, 2020. As the world's first all-sky time-domain spectroscopic survey, SDSS-V will provide groundbreaking insight into the formation and evolution of galaxies—like like our own Milky Way—and of the supermassive black holes that lurk at their centers.
The newly-launched SDSS-V will continue the path-breaking tradition set by the survey's previous generations, with a focus on the ever-changing night sky and the physical processes that drive these changes, from flickers and flares of supermassive black holes to the back-and-forth shifts of stars being orbited by distant worlds. SDSS-V will provide the spectroscopic backbone needed to achieve the full science potential of satellites like NASA's TESS, ESA's Gaia, and the latest all-sky X-ray mission, eROSITA.
The project's consortium includes the University of Warwick, which will lead an observational survey of all stars within 325 light years of the Earth - encompassing 350,000 systems, many of which are likely to host planetary systems.
Professor Boris Gaensicke of the University of Warwick Department of Physics said: "When we look at the sky, what we see is mainly stars similar to our Sun, or even bigger and brighter - that's because we can detect those stars to large distances. However, the majority of stars are red dwarfs, cooler and dimmer than the Sun, and those have not received a lot of attention so far. Equally, there are many stars that have already ended their lives, so-called white dwarfs, which again are dimmer than the Sun, and not terribly well studied. Within SDSS-V, we will obtain observations of all the stars within 325 light years of the Earth, independent of how bright they appear, and we will use these data to work out how stars, and planetary systems, form, evolve, and die.
"The Sloan Digital Sky Survey has obtained observations across a large part of the northern sky for the last 20 years, and produced many outstanding results. But at least as important, the project has set a new standard in terms of making their data available to the entire community, developing many tools that allows everybody in the world to use these astonishing observations. These public data releases have enabled so much more scientific work, much of which was never envisaged by the SDSS.
"Here in Warwick, we have been 'freeloading' SDSS data for many years for our research, and so we are extremely happy to now be actively involved in SDSS-V, which will extend, for the first time, over the entire sky."
"In a year when humanity has been challenged across the globe, I am so proud of the worldwide SDSS team for demonstrating—every day—the very best of human creativity, ingenuity, improvisation, and resilience. It has been a challenging period for SDSS and the world, but I'm happy to report that the pandemic may have slowed us, but it has not stopped us," said SDSS-V Director Dr. Juna Kollmeier, of the Carnegie Observatories.
As an international consortium, SDSS has always relied heavily on phone and digital communication. But adapting to exclusively virtual communication tactics was a challenge, along with tracking global supply chains and laboratory availability at various university partners as they shifted in and out of lockdown during the final ramp-up to the survey's start. Particularly inspiring were the project's expert observing staff, who worked in even-greater-than-usual isolation to shut down, and then reopen, the survey's mountain-top observatories.
Funded primarily by member institutions, along with grants from the Alfred P. Sloan Foundation, the U.S. National Science Foundation, and the Heising-Simons Foundation, SDSS-V will focus on three primary areas of investigation, each exploring different aspects of the cosmos using different spectroscopic tools. Together these three project pillars—called "Mappers"—will observe more than six million objects in the sky, and monitor changes in more than a million of those objects over time.
The survey's Local Volume Mapper will enhance our understanding of galaxy formation and evolution by probing the interactions between the stars that make up galaxies and the interstellar gas and dust that is dispersed between them. The Milky Way Mapper will reveal the physics of stars in our Milky Way, the diverse architectures of its star and planetary systems, and the chemical enrichment of our galaxy since the early universe. The Black Hole Mapper will measure masses and growth over cosmic time of the supermassive black holes that reside in the hearts of galaxies, and of the smaller black holes left behind when stars die.
"We are thrilled to start taking the first data for two of our three Mappers," added SDSS-V Spokesperson Dr. Gail Zasowski, of the University of Utah. "These early observations are already important for a wide range of science goals. Even these first targets provide data for studies ranging from mapping the inner regions of supermassive black holes and searching for exotic multiple-black hole systems, to studying nearby stars and their dead cores, to tracing the chemistry of potential planet-hosting stars across the Milky Way."
"SDSS-V will continue to transform astronomy by building on a 20-year legacy of path-breaking science, shedding light on the most fundamental questions about the origins and nature of the universe. It demonstrates all the hallmark characteristics that have made SDSS so successful in the past: open sharing of data, inclusion of diverse scientists, and collaboration across numerous institutions," said Evan Michelson, program director at the Sloan Foundation. "We are so pleased to support Juna Kollmeier and the entire SDSS team, and we are excited for this next phase of discovery."
SDSS-V will operate out of both Apache Point Observatory in New Mexico, home of the survey's original 2.5-meter telescope, and Carnegie's Las Campanas Observatory in Chile, where it uses the 2.5-meter du Pont telescope.
SDSS-V's first observations were taken in New Mexico with existing SDSS instruments, in a necessary change of plans due to the pandemic. As laboratories and workshops around the world navigate safe reopening, SDSS-V's own suite of new innovative hardware is on the horizon---in particular, systems of automated robots to aim the fiber optic cables used to collect the light from the night sky. These robots will be installed at both observatories over the next year. New spectrographs and telescopes are also being constructed to enable the Local Volume Mapper observations.
