A large international research study, COSMOS, initiated by Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm and Imperial College London, has studied over 250,000 mobile phone users to investigate whether those who use mobile phones extensively and over a long time-period have a higher risk of brain tumours than others. The study, published in Environment International, found no link between mobile phone use and the risk of brain tumours.
The widespread use of mobile phones and other wireless communications has led to concerns that the radio frequency electromagnetic radiation from mobile technologies can cause cancer and other diseases. The WHO and the EU have asked for high-quality studies to be able to answer these questions. Against this background, the COSMOS study was initiated almost 20 years ago.
"Researchers have for the first time been able to conduct a prospective cohort study that collected detailed information about participants' mobile phone use. The results show that those who spent the most time talking on a mobile phone do not have a higher risk of developing a brain tumour than others", says Maria Feychting, professor at the Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, who led the COSMOS study on cancer risk.
Between 2007 and 2013, a large number of people in five countries answered detailed questions about their mobile phone use. The participants were then followed in cancer registries to record any newly developed brain tumours. The occurrence of brain tumours among the ten percent who spent the greatest total number of hours talking on a mobile phone during their lifetime did not differ from those who used the mobile phone significantly less. People who started using a mobile phone more than 15 years before answering the COSMOS questionnaire did not have a higher risk of contracting the disease than those who used a mobile phone for a shorter time.
Previous studies have had methodological problems that made it difficult to draw firm conclusions. Some studies have reported an association between mobile phone use and brain tumour occurrence. In those studies, people who had already been diagnosed with a brain tumour (cases) and healthy control subjects were contacted. With such an arrangement, there is a great risk that the patients overestimate their previous mobile phone use compared to the healthy controls. Such memory errors may affect the results. In COSMOS, the participants were all free from nervous system tumours at the start of the study. Therefore, the disease cannot have had any effect on how participants remembered past mobile phone use.
COSMOS is the only study to date that has been able to combine a prospective cohort design with detailed information on the extent of mobile phone use. Previous cohort studies have only had information on when the participants started using mobile phones. These studies also found no association with brain tumours, but have been criticized for lacking information on how much the participants talked on their mobile phones. COSMOS has now shown that even those who talk the most on their mobile phones do not have a higher risk of brain tumour than others.
In 2011, the WHO's cancer research institute, IARC, classified radiofrequency fields as "possibly carcinogenic". This assessment was largely based on the case-control studies that asked brain tumour patients and healthy controls retrospectively about their previous mobile phone use. The COSMOS researchers point out that the results from COSMOS will be an important contribution to the scientific evidence for future health risk assessments, but that more research is needed.
- Mobile phone technology is constantly changing and some of the tumours we studied are very rare. Therefore, we will continue to follow the COSMOS study participants in order to allow firm conclusions about possible long-term risks, says Maria Feychting.
Funding
Funding for the study came from a variety of sources (all listed in the published paper), principally public funders of research, such as national research councils or public bodies with remit relating to health or health and safety.
In Sweden, the study has been funded by the Swedish Research Council, the Research Council for Working Life, Health and Welfare (FORTE), AFA Insurance, the Radiation Safety Authority and VINNOVA. For this purpose, VINNOVA obtained financing from TeliaSonera AB, Ericsson AB and Telenor Sverige AB. Distribution of funds to COSMOS researchers via VINNOVA is governed by agreements that guarantee the researchers' complete independence.
In some countries, part of the funding came from research programmes specifically established to support research into mobile phone use and health - these research programmes were supported by funding from public funders and the mobile phone industry in concert, but crucially, these research programmes were independent, the mobile phone industry had no influence over the distribution of research funds from these programmes, nor any influence over the research conducted, its reporting or publication.
Conflict of interest
Several of the researchers are or have been involved as scientific experts in committees commissioned by national and international public authorities, such as the WHO and EU.
The researchers report no conflicts of interest.
Publication: "Mobile phone use and brain tumour risk - COSMOS, a prospective cohort study", Maria Feychting, Joachim Schüz, Mireille B. Toledano, Roel Vermeulen, Anssi Auvinen, Aslak Harbo Poulsen, Isabelle Deltour, Rachel B. Smith, Joel Heller, Hans Kromhout, Anke Huss, Christoffer Johansen, Giorgio Tettamanti, Paul Elliott, Environment International, online 2 mars 2024.
