Conventional tilling practices churn up a field's topsoil, making it easier for planting - but increasing soil erosion. Switching Midwestern farms to more sustainable low- or no-till could halt tilling erosion in its tracks, a new Earth's Future study finds. Credit: White Field Photo/Unsplash
By the numbers:
- At current use rates, conventional tilling would result in the loss of nearly 10 billion tons (nearly 9 billion metric tons) of topsoil in the next century
- If the U.S. Midwest sees 100% adoption of sustainable tilling, erosion from tilling would nearly halt within a century
Intense agricultural activity beginning in the mid-1800s has eroded the U.S. Midwest's topsoil, the rich upper layer of soil that crops need to grow. That erosion causes nearly $3 billion in annual losses from lower crop productivity, previous work has found. But if more farmers adopt more sustainable "no-till" or "low-till" practices, costly erosion could be essentially halted, a new study finds.
The study is published in AGU's journal Earth's Future, which publishes interdisciplinary research on the past, present and future of our planet and its inhabitants.
Erosion and soil movement occur on farms when water runs across the land, wind removes fine dirt, and plows churn up and loosen the soil. The "churning" process is called tilling. Farmers till soil to loosen soil, mix in nutrients and help suppress weed growth. But tilling can also expose more soil to wind and water, increasing erosion.
Co-authors of the new study previously found the erosion rate since the 1800s was about 2 millimeters per year (0.08 inches), or two orders of magnitude faster than rates in pre-settler prairies. Across the Midwestern study area, about 40% of farms are using less intensive, more sustainable alternatives to plow-based tilling. But erosion is still a big problem.
"Two millimeters per year is a lot," said Jeffrey Kwang, a landscape modeler at the University of Minnesota who led the study. "It sounds slow, but for landscape processes, that is very fast." The new model used in this study predicts that soil erosion is currently occurring at about 1 millimeter (0.04 inches) per year, Kwang said, "which is still a high rate."
The new study builds on previous work that focused on the past and present by exploring the future fate of soils in the Midwest. Kwang simulated the next century of farming in the Midwest under conventional and more sustainable tilling scenarios and predicts how topsoil erosion and carbon loss would respond. His modeling focused on physical soil movement from plowing and tilling and did not
Under conventional tilling at the rates used today, over the next century, the Midwest would lose about 9.7 billion tons (about 8.8 billion metric tons) of soil, the researchers found, likely causing billions of dollars of losses. It would also result in about a 4% loss of surface soil organic carbon, which would further decrease crop productivity. Switching to fully no-till or to low-till practices, such as strip tilling and drill planting, would keep this from happening.
Kwang uncovered a twist: Over the next few hundred years, the rate of soil erosion might actually slow down. That's because as a hill erodes, it essentially gets flatter and erodes more slowly. But that doesn't necessarily buy time, he said.
"The best time to do something about erosion is now," Kwang said. "The fastest erosion rates we're going to see are today. If we wait to change up tilling practices, we won't get as much bang for your buck." If we wait until the hills are flattened, a significant amount of soil will have been lost and the switch to no-till wouldn't save as much soil, he added.
Money is a concern because cost is one reason more farmers haven't adopted low-intensity tilling practices, even though they might be interested in farming more sustainably. Doing so requires a new suite of expensive farming tools, as well as time spent optimizing a new procedure. Geology plays a role, too: Northern farms tend to have dense, fine-grained soils that are more likely to need a plow, thanks to the glaciers that bulldozed the landscape during the last Ice Age.
Ample damage has already been done, Kwang said. "We'll still have issues with crop productivity because the soils are still gone. So even if we stop erosion, sort of freezing the soils in time, we'd still need to use tactics like regenerative agriculture to try to build back that topsoil."
Still, Kwang is optimistic. "Erosion is happening now, and we can do something about it," he said.
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Read the University of Massachusetts-Amherst press release on this research.
Notes for journalists:
This study is published in Earth's Future, a fully open-access journal. Download a pdf copy of the study here.
Paper title:
"The Future of Soils in the Midwestern United States"
Authors:
- Jeffrey Kwang (corresponding author), Department of Earth, Geographic, and Climate Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA; now at Saint Anthony Falls Laboratory, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
- Evan Thaler, Department of Earth, Geographic, and Climate Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA; now at Earth and Environmental Sciences Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, USA
- Isaac Larsen, Department of Earth, Geographic, and Climate Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA
Related research:
"Rates of Historical Anthropogenic Soil Erosion in the Midwestern United States" (Earth's Future, 2022)
"A Landscape Evolution Modeling Approach for Predicting Three-Dimensional Soil Organic Carbon Redistribution in Agricultural Landscapes" (JGR Biogeosciences, 2022)
"Pre-agricultural soil erosion rates in the midwestern United States" (Geology, 2022)
"The extent of soil loss across the US Corn Belt" (PNAS, 2021)
