Scientists have identified an off-patent drug that can be repurposed to prevent COVID-19 - and may be capable of protecting against future variants of the virus - in research involving a unique mix of 'mini-organs', donor organs, animal studies and patients.
University of Liverpool scientists played a key role in positioning the intervention and the pre-clinical testing of the drug, as part of the wider collaborative study led by the University of Cambridge.
The research, published today in Nature, showed that an existing drug used to treat a type of liver disease is able to 'lock' the doorway by which SARS-CoV-2 enters our cells, a receptor on the cell surface known as ACE2. Because this drug targets the host cells and not the virus, it should protect against future new variants of the virus as well as other coronaviruses that might emerge.
If confirmed in larger clinical trials, this could provide a vital drug for protecting those individuals for whom vaccines are ineffective or inaccessible as well as individuals at increased risk of infection.
From mini-organs and animals…
Dr Fotios Sampaziotis, from the University of Cambridge had previously been working with organoids - 'mini-bile ducts' - to study diseases of the bile ducts. Using these, his team found - rather serendipitously - that a molecule known as FXR, which is present in large amounts in these bile duct organoids, directly regulates the viral 'doorway' ACE2, effectively opening and closing it. They went on to show that ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA), an off-patent drug used to treat a form of liver disease known as primary biliary cholangitis, 'turns down' FXR and closes the ACE2 doorway.
In this new study, they showed that they could use the same approach to close the ACE2 doorway in 'mini-lungs' and 'mini-guts' - representing the two main targets of SARS-CoV-2 - and prevent viral infection.
The next step was to show that the drug could prevent infection not only in lab-grown cells but also in living organisms. For this, Professor Andrew Owen, Professor James Stewart and colleagues at the University of Liverpool collaborated to show that the drug prevented infection in hamsters exposed to the virus, which are used as the 'gold-standard' model for pre-clinical testing of drugs against SARS-CoV-2. Importantly, the hamsters treated with UDCA were protected from the -new at the time- delta variant of the virus, which was -at least partially- resilient to existing vaccine response.
Professor Owen from the University of Liverpool's Centre of Excellence for Long-acting Therapeutics (CELT) said: "Although we will need properly controlled randomised trials to confirm these findings, the data provide compelling evidence that UDCA could work as a drug to protect against COVID-19 and complement vaccination programmes, particularly in vulnerable population groups. As it targets the ACE2 receptor directly, we hope it may be more resilient to changes resulting from the evolution of the SARS-CoV-2 spike, which result in rapid emergence of new variants."
Professor Stewart added: "The biggest challenge in developing COVID-19 interventions is the constant emergence of new virus variants. These findings offer real progress towards a low-cost, safe and universal therapeutic that will combat current and future SARS-CoV-2 infections."
… to human organs…
Next, Professor Andrew Fisher from Newcastle University and Professor Chris Watson from Addenbrooke's hospital tested if the findings in hamsters held true in human lungs exposed to the virus.
The team took a pair of donated lungs not suitable for transplantation, keeping them breathing outside the body with a ventilator and using a pump to circulate blood-like fluid through them to keep the organs functioning while they could be studied. One lung was given the drug, but both were exposed to SARS-CoV-2. Sure enough, the lung that received the drug did not become infected, while the other lung did.
Professor Fisher said: "This is one of the first studies to test the effect of a drug in a whole human organ while it's being perfused. This could prove important for organ transplantation - given the risks of passing on COVID-19 through transplanted organs, it could open up the possibility of treating organs with drugs to clear the virus before transplantation."
… to people
Moving next to human volunteers, the team collaborated with Professor Ansgar Lohse from the University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf in Germany.
Professor Lohse explained: "We recruited eight healthy volunteers to receive the drug. When we swabbed the noses of these volunteers, we found lower levels of ACE2, suggesting that the virus would have fewer opportunities to break into and infect their nasal cells - the main gateway for the virus".
A safe, affordable variant-proof drug
First author and PhD candidate Teresa Brevini from the University of Cambridge said: "This unique study gave us the opportunity to do really translational science, using a laboratory finding to directly address a clinical need.
"Using almost every approach at our fingertips we showed that an existing drug shuts the door on the virus and can protect us from COVID-19. Importantly, because this drug works on our cells, it is not affected by mutations in the virus and should be effective even as new variants emerge."
Dr Sampaziotis said the drug could be an affordable and effective way of protecting those for whom the COVID-19 vaccine is ineffective or inaccessible. "We have used UDCA in clinic for many years, so we know it's safe and very well tolerated, which makes administering it to individuals with high COVID-19 risk straightforward.
"This tablet costs little, can be produced in large quantities fast and easily stored or shipped, which makes it easy to rapidly deploy during outbreaks. We are optimistic that this drug could become an important weapon in our fight against COVID-19."
Dr Sampaziotis led the research in collaboration with Professor Ludovic Vallier from the Berlin Institute of Health at Charité.
The research was largely funded by UK Research & Innovation, the European Association for the Study of the Liver, the NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre and the Evelyn Trust.
Research reference
Brevini, T, et al. FXR inhibition may protect from SARS-CoV-2 infection by reducing ACE2. Nature; 5 Dec 2022; DOI: 10.1038/s41586-022-05594-0
