A tiny fossil penguin plays a huge role in the evolutionary history of the bird, an international study shows.
Published in the Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand, the study describes a new species of fossil penguin which lived in Otago about 24 million years ago.
Dr Tatsuro Ando
Named Pakudyptes hakataramea, the penguin was very small – about the same size as the little blue penguin, the smallest in the world – with anatomical adaptations that allowed it to dive.
Lead author Dr Tatsuro Ando, formerly a PhD candidate at the University of Otago – Ōtākou Whakaihu Waka and now at the Ashoro Museum of Palentology in Japan, collaborated with researchers from Otago, Okayama University of Science and Osaka University.
Dr Ando's inspiration for the paper came from discussions with the late Professor Ewan Fordyce, his supervisor and mentor at Otago.
Researchers analysed three bones – a humerus, femur and ulna – found by Professor Fordyce in the Hakataramea Valley, South Canterbury.
Dr Ando says Pakudyptes fills a morphological gap between modern and fossil penguins.
"In particular, the shape of the wing bones differed greatly, and the process by which penguin wings came to have their present form and function remained unclear," he says.
The humerus and ulna highlight how penguins' wings have evolved.
"Surprisingly, while the shoulder joints of the wing of Pakudyptes were very close to the condition of the present-day penguin, the elbow joints were very similar to those of older types of fossil penguins.
"Pakudyptes is the first fossil penguin ever found with this combination, and it is the 'key' fossil to unlocking the evolution of penguin wings."
