When Donald Trump joined Elon Musk for a live interview on X (formerly Twitter) late last year, the conversation covered a range of significant topics: his near-assassination, Biden's withdrawal from the race, and the future of the presidency. However, for many viewers, an unexpected detail stole the spotlight: Trump's slurred speech and lisp .
Author
- Rae Gillibrand
Lecturer, Premodern History, University of Leeds
Was Trump wearing dentures? The public certainly seemed to think so. Throughout the interview, the word "dentures" was mentioned over 15,000 times on X and the interview sparked the resurgence of the hashtag #DenturedDonald.
Why does this matter? Trump is, after all, 78 years old, and a 2017 survey showed that nearly one in four Americans aged 75 and older have no teeth left at all. However, presidential dental health has long had an impact on public perception and leadership itself. From George Washington's infamous dentures to Teddy Roosevelt's toothy grin, a president's teeth (or lack thereof) have often shaped the way they are seen by the American public.
Since the appointment of George Washington as the first US president, it has been tradition for each new president to commission a portrait of themselves during their time in office. However, it was not until Ronald Reagan's portrait, completed in 1991, that we saw a president depicted with a smile.
This is partly to do with practicality - many early portraits were painted from life, and sitting with a smile for hours was almost impossible - and partly to do with etiquette. In the 18th century, a wide smile was considered a sign of lewdness and drunkenness and associated largely with the lower classes.
Indeed, a 1703 text on "decorum and civility" said that some people part their lips so that "their teeth are almost entirely visible. This is entirely contradictory to decorum, which forbids you to allow your teeth to be uncovered, since nature gave us lips to conceal them."
It is often suggested that historical portraits avoided smiles because of poor dental hygiene, but in reality, social conventions played a much larger role. For earlier presidents, maintaining an image of sobriety, morality and respectability was important, and a serious expression was seen as a reflection of these values.
This all changed with Teddy Roosevelt. When Roosevelt became the 25th US president in 1901, photography was becoming much more accessible. Technological advancements and the introduction of handheld cameras meant that photography could be practised by a much broader range of people.
Because of this, Roosevelt was often candidly photographed while laughing or smiling, leading to his reputation as "the first president who smiled".
He even capitalised on his grin in his 1904 campaign by releasing the Teddy's Teeth Whistle . Retailing at five cents (US$1.77 or £1.44 in today's money), supporters were encouraged to buy a set and "blow the horn for Teddy".
Roosevelt's embrace of his smile and the promotion of his teeth marked a shift in how a president's image could be used to influence public perception, showing that good dental health could be a powerful political tool.
Worse than wood
Not all presidents were as diligent as Roosevelt when it came to dental hygiene. George Washington, for example, was infamous for his poor dental health.
His letters, diaries and financial accounts reveal a long history of dental troubles, ultimately leading to his use of dentures. However, contrary to popular belief, Washington's dentures were not made of wood. Instead, they were made from materials including ivory, animal teeth and human teeth.
One of Washington's account books reveals that he bought nine teeth from enslaved people on his Mount Vernon plantation. This detail adds a sinister layer to the history of Washington's dental care because, while these people were paid for their teeth, their enslaved status probably left them with little choice in the matter.
Washington's poor dental hygiene also extended to his care of his dentures. They became notoriously stained, largely due to his fondness for rich red wine. One letter from his dentist chastised him for the condition of his dentures, stating: "The set [of dentures] you sent me from Philadelphia … was very black, occasioned either by your soaking them in port wine, or by your drinking it. I advise you to either take them out after dinner and put them in clean water … or clean them with a brush."
These insights into Washington's dental struggles underscore the lasting effect of oral health on the presidential image.
Presidential dental health has played, and continues to play, an important role in shaping public perception, with teeth often serving as symbols of both personal care and political power. Whether influencing how a president is seen or reflecting broader social attitudes, the state of a leader's teeth has clearly left its mark on the history of the office.
Rae Gillibrand does not work for, consult, own shares in or receive funding from any company or organisation that would benefit from this article, and has disclosed no relevant affiliations beyond their academic appointment.
