When it comes to managing weight loss and type 2 diabetes with medications, research shows that it's out with the old and in with the new. Investigators from Mass General Brigham looked at claims data from nearly 2 million people between 2021 and 2023 and their findings highlight a shifting landscape for weight loss and glucose managing medications. Those changes include a sharp climb in the use of newly approved medications, especially tirzepatide, which is sold under the brand name Mounjaro for diabetes treatment and Zepbound for weight loss. The use of medications previously common in the treatment of type 2 diabetes, including metformin, sulfonylureas, and insulin, decreased. Results are published in Annals of Internal Medicine.
"Taken together, these findings highlight the rapidly shifting landscape of prescribing patterns for glucose-lowering and weight-lowering medications," said lead author John W. Ostrominski, MD, of the Cardiovascular Division, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension, and Division of Pharmacoepidemiology and Pharmacoeconomics at Brigham and Women's Hospital, a founding member of the Mass General Brigham healthcare system. "These changing trends likely reflect the combination of new evidence, increased awareness and prioritization of obesity treatment, and changing guidance for how to help patients manage these conditions."
The study, which was funded by the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, examined claims data among people with commercial insurance. The researchers report that in January 2021, approximately half of the weight-lowering medications initiated by people without diabetes were GLP-1RA-based medications such as semaglutide and tirzepatide. By December 2023, this percentage increased to nearly 90%, with tirzepatide being the most commonly started (31%). Use of other weight loss medications, such as phentermine and liraglutide, declined.
Among people with type 2 diabetes, 13% started GLP-1RA-based medications in January 2021. That rate rose to 35% by December 2023. Metformin, the most commonly started glucose-lowering medication in January 2021 (30%), declined to 19% by December 2023.
When the authors compared the immediate post-approval uptake of tirzepatide to other medications recently approved for type 2 diabetes or obesity, they found that the rise in tirzepatide's use was steeper and more sustained.
"We saw a sharp uptake of tirzepatide after regulatory approval—these kinds of trends are important for patients, clinicians, researchers, and policymakers to be aware of," said Ostrominski. "The rapidly expanding uptake of tirzepatide and GLP-1RA underscores the need for clinicians to become more familiar with their use, for researchers to improve understanding of their long-term effects, and for health policy that promotes sustained access and affordability."
The researchers note several limitations to the work, including that it is uncertain whether the findings from commercially insured U.S. adults are generalizable to other populations and countries.
"Importantly, we don't yet have long-term data from outcomes trials for tirzepatide as we do for GLP-1RA, but preliminary data are reassuring," said Ostrominski. "In the future, data comparing the benefits of tirzepatide versus semaglutide for glycemic control, obesity management, and cardiovascular outcomes will help us have more informed conversations with patients about choosing the medication that's right for them."
Authorship: In addition to Ostrominski, Mass General Brigham authors include Janinne Ortega-Montie,l Helen Tesfaye, Caroline Alix, Elyse DiCesare, Elisabetta Patorno, Sara J. Cromer, Deborah J. Wexler, and Julie M. Paik.
Disclosures: Disclosure forms are available with the article online.
Funding: National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases.
Paper cited: Ostrominski JW et al. "Trends in Utilization of Glucose- and Weight-Lowering Medications After Tirzepatide Approval in the United States" Annals of Internal Medicine DOI: 10.7326/ANNALS-24-02870
