Previous work by researchers at the Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University into the recent surge in firearm violence across Philadelphia during the COVID-19 pandemic found that it was strongly associated with the enactment of containment measures.
Now, new research published in the journal Preventive Medicine builds on those findings by examining the people and places impacted by interpersonal firearm violence during the COVID-19 pandemic in Philadelphia.
Utilizing the Philadelphia Police Department's registry of shooting victims from January 1, 2015, through March 31, 2021, the research team looked at the time, date, and block-level location of incidents, as well as demographic and mortality information about victims. They also examined mass shootings, which are incidents in which four or more people are shot within one hour within 100 meters (about one city block).
Following the implementation of COVID-19 containment measures in Philadelphia on March 16, 2020 (the date of non-essential business closures):
- The number of people shot per quarter nearly doubled from 331 pre-containment to 541 post-containment.
- The proportion of women shot increased by 39%, from 8.2% to 11.4% of all shootings.
- The proportion of children shot increased by 17%, from 7.8% to 9.0% of all shootings.
- Among children, there was a 13% increase in shootings from noon-11:59 p.m.
- Compared to other groups, Black women were 11% more likely and Black children were 8% more likely to be shot following COVID containment.
- Mass shootings increased by 53% from 3.6% of all shootings prior to containment measures to 5.5% of all shootings after containment measures were implemented.
- The increase in mass shootings did not fully explain the observed changes in the people impacted by firearm violence.
- Shootings were less likely to be fatal, with 17.3% of shootings resulting in death post-containment compared to a shooting fatality rate of 20.2% pre-containment.
- There were increased rates of shootings in parts of Northeast, Eastern and Southwest Philadelphia and an increase in mass shootings in the Northeast.
"Our research reveals a shift in the epidemiology and an increasing severity of interpersonal firearm violence in Philadelphia after measures were put in place to contain the spread of COVID-19," said Jessica H. Beard, MD, MPH, FACS, Assistant Professor of Surgery and Director of Trauma Research at the Katz School of Medicine and the study's corresponding author. "Absent robust social and economic support, the containment policies likely worsened structural inequalities that already existed. Only by examining the root causes of interpersonal firearm violence and gaining a better understanding of these changes that have occurred, can we address the epidemic of gun violence in the city. From a public health perspective, solutions could include investment in public education and employment, as well as increasing access to social services and support, such as medical assistance."
Other researchers involved in the study include Iman N. Afif (co-first author), Zoe Maher, Elizabeth D. Dauer, Thomas A. Santora, Jeffrey H. Anderson, Abhijit Pathak, Lars Ola Sjoholm and Amy J. Goldberg in the Division of Trauma and Surgical Critical Care at the Katz School of Medicine; Ariana N. Gobaud (co-first author) in the Department of Epidemiology at the Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health; Christopher N. Morrison in the Department of Epidemiology at the Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health and the Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine in the School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine at Monash University in Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Sara F. Jacoby in the Department of Family and Community Health at the University of Pennsylvania School of Nursing; and Elinore J. Kaufman in the Division of Traumatology, Surgical Critical Care and Emergency Surgery at the University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine.
About the Lewis Katz School of Medicine
Founded in 1901, the Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University attracts students and faculty committed to advancing individual and population health through culturally competent patient care, research, education, and service. The School confers the MD degree; MS and PhD degrees in Biomedical Science; the MA in Urban Bioethics; the MS in Physician Assistant studies; a certificate in Narrative Medicine; a non-degree post-baccalaureate program; several dual degree programs with other Temple University schools; continuing medical education programs; and in partnership with Temple University Hospital, 40 residency and fellowship programs for physicians. The School also manages a robust portfolio of publicly and privately funded transdisciplinary studies aimed at advancing the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of disease -- with specialized research centers focused on heart disease, cancer, substance use disorder, metabolic disease, and other regional and national health priorities. To learn more about the Lewis Katz School of Medicine, please visit: medicine.temple.edu.
