A team from Lawson Health Research Institute and Western University has made significant strides in understanding COVID-19 - including discovering a way to predict how sick a patient will become - through two studies published this week in Critical Care Explorations.
In one study, the team identified six molecules that can be used as biomarkers to predict how severely ill a patient will become. In the other study, the team are the first to reveal a new mechanism causing blood clots in COVID-19 patients and potential ways to treat them.
The studies were conducted by analyzing blood samples from critically ill patients at London Health Sciences Centre (LHSC). They build on a growing body of work from the team who was first in the world to profile the body's immune response to the virus by revealing six molecules that could act as potential targets to treat hyperinflammation in critically ill patients.
"We've begun answering some of the biggest COVID-19 questions asked by clinicians and health researchers," said Dr. Douglas Fraser, lead researcher from Lawson and Western's Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, and Critical Care Physician at LHSC. "While the findings need to be validated with larger groups of patients, they could have important implications for treating and studying this disease."
With no proven therapies, many COVID-19 patients admitted to intensive care units (ICUs) do not survive.
Being able to predict a patient's disease severity could allow allow medical teams to mobilize resources more quickly and, if they know a patient is at higher risk of death, they may consider intervening sooner despite associated risks. The knowledge could also allow medical teams to have important conversations with family members, setting goals of care based on the patient's health and personal wishes.
"When a patient is admitted to ICU, we normally wait to see if they are going to get worse before we consider any risky interventions. To improve outcomes, we not only need new therapies but also a way to predict prognosis or which patients are going to get worse," explained Fraser.
The researchers identified six molecules of importance and found that these molecules were elevated in COVID-19 patients who would become even more severely ill. They found that when measured on a COVID-19 patient's first day of ICU admission, the molecules could be used to predict which patients will survive following standard ICU treatment.
"While further research is needed, we're confident in these biomarkers and suspect these patterns may be present even before ICU admission, such as when a patient first presents to the emergency department," noted Fraser. "These findings could be incredibly important in determining how severely ill a patient will become."
The team measured 1,161 plasma proteins from the blood of 30 participants: 10 COVID-19 patients, 10 patients with other infections admitted to ICU, as well as 10 healthy control participants. Blood was drawn on set days of ICU admission, processed in a lab and then analyzed using statistical methods and artificial intelligence.
The team also hopes these findings can also be used to better design COVID-19 clinical trials by grouping patients based on their risk. This could allow for stronger results when examining potential treatments for the disease.
Dr. Douglas Fraser, lead researcher from Lawson and Western's Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, and Critical Care Physician at LHSC.
The second study helps understand how blood clots in the lungs' small blood vessels – a major complication in the most critically ill COVID-19 patients that leads to low oxygen levels in the body.
"The reason for this clotting has been unclear. Most suspect the clotting mechanisms in our blood are put into overdrive and so many clinicians have been treating with anticoagulant therapies like the drug heparin," said Fraser. "But we've uncovered an entirely different mechanism."
The team further analyzed the blood samples from their 30 participants, and found evidence to suggest that the inner linings of small blood vessels are becoming damaged and inflamed, making them a welcoming environment for platelets (small blood cells) to stick.
They discovered that COVID-19 patients had elevated levels of three molecules (hyaluronic acid, syndecan-1 and P-selectin.) The first two molecules are products broken down from small hair-like structures (the glycocalyx) which line the inside of the blood vessels. Their presence suggests the glycocalyx is being damaged with its breakdown products sent into the bloodstream. The presence of P-selectin is also significant as this molecule helps to make both platelets and the inner lining of blood vessels adhere to one another.
"The glycocalyx keeps platelets from touching the inside wall of the blood vessel and helps facilitate the production of nitric oxide, which has an important role in preventing platelets from sticking," explained Fraser. "We suspect the body's immune response is producing enzymes that shear off these little hair-like structures, inflaming blood vessels and making them a welcoming environment for platelets to form clots."
The team suggests that two therapies may hold promise for treating blood clots in COVID-19 patients: platelet inhibitors to stop platelets from sticking, and molecules to protect and restore the inner lining of blood vessels.
"By exploring these therapies as potential alternatives to anticoagulant therapies, we may be able to improve patient outcomes," Fraser said. "Through our combined findings, we hope to provide tools to predict which patients will become the most severely ill and treatments for both hyperinflammation and blood clots."
