New Zealad's current electricity supply crisis requires immediate solutions.
Authors
Priscila Besen
Lecturer in Sustainable Architecture, Auckland University of Technology
Andrew Burgess
Senior Lecturer in Architecture, Auckland University of Technology
Ann Morrison
Associate Professor in Interactive Design, Auckland University of Technology
Imelda Piri
Lecturer in Environmental Engineering, Auckland University of Technology
Stacy Vallis
Lecturer in Architecture , Auckland University of Technology
But we argue the government's emphasis on importing natural gas and construction of centralised solar farms is a missed opportunity.
The case against gas has been highly publicised because of its greenhouse gas emissions and substantial costs.
But the government's focus on large solar infrastructure in rural areas, away from our main centres, misses a chance to address two urgent issues at once - the need to cut emissions and to adapt to climate impacts.
Instead, we should plan local renewable energy generation, integrated into communities, to improve New Zealand's energy security and disaster preparedness.
Centralised versus decentralised energy systems
Centralised renewable electricity generation using large-scale hydro, wind and solar infrastructure helps to cut emissions and move New Zealand closer towards a fully renewable grid. These projects can be implemented quickly and are a positive step.
However, we must also focus on climate change adaptation. Creating more renewable electricity alone won't help during power outages, which might become more frequent due to climate-related extreme weather events.
During Cyclone Gabrielle in 2023, almost 234,000 homes lost power, some for over a week.
Solar technologies offer opportunities to distribute electricity generation and storage by integrating power into buildings and cities. Bringing electricity generation close to where it is used helps to increase resilience during extreme weather events and other disruptions to power lines, including earthquakes.
Although large solar farms generate clean electricity at scale, they keep generation far away from where it is used. This applies new technologies in an old-fashioned way, centralising power generation in a few locations, controlled by a handful of companies.
Government policies and incentives could help to integrate solar generation into communities to create resilient places, with access to their own power during natural disasters and outages.
For instance, integrating solar panels into schools, public buildings, hospitals and homes would enhance resilience, especially for our most vulnerable populations.
While there are already some projects of this type through the New Zealand Solar Schools Project and Community Renewable Energy Fund, much more could be done. Instead of using productive farmland distant from communities, we could better utilise the many rooftops and walls available in cities.
Even though solar power's peak generation around midday does not align with peak electricity demand in New Zealand, every small solar system connected to the grid contributes. At the national scale, the water flowing into hydro lakes could be held back in the dams to meet evening peaks in demand when solar is no longer available.
SolarZero's virtual power plant, made up of thousands of home batteries, is already helping New Zealand get through cold snaps by feeding electricity to the grid. Photovoltaics have become significantly more affordable and there are many finance options available. But these technologies are still not accessible for many households, especially rental properties.
Policies and incentives could make it easier for everyone to afford solar-powered homes. Having public buildings with solar panels in every community would enable basic access to energy for everyone.
Potential of distributed solar power
To visualise how solar infrastructures could be distributed in cities, we use the size of New Zealand's largest solar farm as an example.
With a total land area of 93 hectares and 63 megawatts of capacity, the solar plant will generate enough renewable energy to power approximately 13,000 homes. We explore how this land area could be distributed on Auckland's rooftops.
The map above applies the total land area of the solar farm to 14 of the largest building rooftops in Auckland.
The map below distributes this power more evenly to communities by utilising the rooftops of schools and supermarkets, totalling 167 buildings.
Both scenarios show how we could better utilise the space available on rooftops in our cities. The second scenario presents a higher potential of creating resilient communities due to its geographical distribution; these places could help locals during power outages.
Locally generated solar power is key to resilient, sustainable cities and New Zealand's transition to a zero-carbon future. Decentralised renewable energy, especially building-integrated solar power, brings power generation closer to consumption.
In a country subject to multiple natural hazards, investment in solar for public buildings and homes could bring several benefits for disaster resilience and climate change mitigation.
We would like to acknowledge the contribution by Kyle Paala, who worked on this research project as part of his Masters in Architecture.
The authors do not work for, consult, own shares in or receive funding from any company or organisation that would benefit from this article, and have disclosed no relevant affiliations beyond their academic appointment.
