The Russia-Ukraine crisis is already a human catastrophe. And it could also prove disastrous for climate action by slowing the global energy transition.
Author
Vigya Sharma
Senior Research Fellow, Sustainable Minerals Institute, The University of Queensland
Both Russia and Ukraine are key suppliers of crucial metals used in the manufacture of green technologies such as solar panels, wind turbines and electric vehicle batteries. The conflict threatens global supplies of these materials.
Concerns over energy security are also spurring fossil fuel imports and have triggered calls in Australia to delay emissions reduction efforts.
But the war in Eastern Europe must not cause global climate action to falter. We must ensure the renewables industry is better able to withstand such global shocks - which in the long run will aid the transition.
The threat of sanctions
The world needs a secure, steady and affordable supply of clean energy to meet emissions reduction targets. This supply relies on access to so-called "energy transition metals" such as copper, nickel, platinum, palladium, aluminium and lithium.
The Russian-Ukraine conflict has already prompted nations to impose trade sanctions on Russian oil and gas, coal and other commodities, affecting global energy security.
Russia's metals have so far escaped this punishment. But such sanctions are not out of the question. In 2018, sanctions were imposed on Russian aluminium producer Rusal, causing global prices to skyrocket.
Russia accounts for 7% of the world's mined nickel - a scarce metal needed to make electric vehicle batteries. The current conflict reportedly pushed nickel prices up 250% in 48 hours last week.
Russia also produces a third of the world's palladium. The metal is used in the car industry to control vehicle emissions. Palladium prices reached an all-time high following the Ukraine crisis, but have since slumped.
Ukraine is the world's largest supplier of a group of chemical elements known as "noble gases". These include neon and krypton, and are used to make semiconductor chips. The latter are a critical component of all electronic systems including those found in automobiles, renewables machinery and other technology.
Russia's annexation of Crimea in 2014 triggered a rise in neon prices. Some chip manufacturers reportedly stocked up on neon ahead of the current Russia-Ukraine conflict, but the longer-term outlook is uncertain.
A boost for fossil fuels
Before the Russia-Ukraine conflict, global progress towards reducing our reliance on fossil fuels was already too slow. In just one example, the development of solar and wind projects was recently found to be 30% below what's needed to achieve the world's climate targets this decade.
A shortfall in materials used to produce such technologies will only put the world further behind.
Concerns over energy security are also driving coal imports as nations race to shore up fossil fuel supplies. In Europe, for instance, fears over disruptions to Russian gas supplies led to a rush on coal imports.
The German government is also under pressure to reconsider its short-term plans to exit coal and end the use of nuclear power.
And in Australia, rising fuel prices have prompted calls by pro-coal members of the federal government for Australia to pause its plan for net-zero carbon emissions by 2050.
Ripple effects
Despite all the bad news for the energy transition, disruptions caused by the Eastern European conflict provide important lessons in the longer term.
Together with the COVID-19 pandemic, the crisis has highlighted the need for countries to strengthen their domestic capacity to build clean technologies.
The United States, for example, is investing in critical metal exploration and manufacturing.
And in Australia, the federal government's manufacturing strategy supports investments in critical resources processing.
The crisis has also provided a wake-up call for countries to reduce their reliance on Russian fossil fuels by investing in renewable energy, and better managing domestic energy demand.
The spike in the prices of critical minerals is likely to drive new mining, manufacturing and renewable energy projects outside Russia. In the Philippines, for example, a dozen new nickel mines are expected this year.
This push may indeed diversify global supplies. But it could also unleash a suite of environmental and social harms.
So wherever these large projects are undertaken, communities and environments must be protected.
Where to from here?
The Russia-Ukraine conflict casts a cloud of uncertainty over the world's supply of resources necessary for the energy transition.
Investors, governments, and industry must ensure any disruptions to the world's transition goals are short-lived. And we must seize this opportunity to make the renewables sector more resilient in the longer term.
We cannot afford to let the Russia-Ukraine conflict derail our focus on an even broader crisis: Earth's worsening climate catastrophe.
Vigya Sharma thanks Professor Deanna Kemp for her insights and helpful feedback on earlier drafts of this article.
Eleonore Lebre receives funding from the Australian Research Council.
Julia Loginova does not work for, consult, own shares in or receive funding from any company or organisation that would benefit from this article, and has disclosed no relevant affiliations beyond their academic appointment.
