The microenvironment surrounding tumours in HER2+ breast cancer protects them and helps them develop resistance to the most widely used treatment, the monoclonal antibody trastuzumab. And a particular type of cell in this microenvironment, fibroblasts, plays a key role in this process. These cells have the ability to block the immune system and thereby protect the tumour. Finding a way to overcome this boosts the treatment's capacity to kill tumour cells.
Specifically, it is the presence of TGF-beta-activated fibroblasts, which express a molecule called FAP, that protects the tumour from the action of immune cells. Trastuzumab has the ability to target cancer cells that present high levels of the HER2 protein, and when it binds to the cancer, it activates a strong immune response, which is a major contributor to its efficacy against the tumour. However, in many tumours, the immune system is unable to break through the microenvironment surrounding the tumour to eliminate it. This leads to treatment resistance and increases the capacity of this type of cancer to evade the drug and proliferate further. This mechanism was discovered by a team of researchers from the IMIM-Hospital del Mar and the CIBER Cancer Research Centre (CIBERONC) in a study that has been published in the journal Nature Communications.
The authors have also identified a way to overcome the tumour's ability to protect itself and allow the immune system to act on the tumour cells. Using an ex vivo model, i.e., a model that includes living cells from breast cancer patients, the researchers have shown that by targeting the fibroblast-expressed FAP molecules with immunotherapy, this ability to prevent access by immune cells can be reversed. "When this molecule, FAP-IL2v, is added to a tumour recreated ex vivo that contains this treatment-resistant microenvironment, in contact with immune cells, trastuzumab's effectiveness is restored", states Dr. Alexandre Calon, senior author of the research and head of the Translational Research in Tumour Microenvironment Laboratory at the IMIM-Hospital del Mar. It should be noted that the model generated uses human cells and is also applicable to other types of tumours.
The study has validated the results with three cohorts of patients and more than 120 samples. In all of them, the levels of fibroblast activation were found to be directly related to the immune system's ability to act on the tumour. The higher the levels, the greater the difficulty in accessing and eliminating tumour cells despite the action of trastuzumab. Dr. Calon emphasised that this facilitates a better selection of patients who will benefit from FAP-IL2v treatment aimed at deactivating the action of the tumour microenvironment. "If we filter people based on these characteristics, we can isolate a population of treatment-resistant patients who can be targeted with this molecule to restore the effectiveness of the breast cancer therapy", he explains.
There are already drugs available that can be used to achieve this effect, although further studies must be carried out to evaluate their application in patients, as Dr. Joan Albanell, head of the Oncology Department at the Hospital del Mar, Director of the Cancer Research Programme at the IMIM-Hospital del Mar and co-author of the study, points out. "The study identifies tumours in which anti-HER2 therapy resistance is caused primarily by one type of fibroblast rather than other causes. This important discovery should be used to design clinical trials with drugs that overcome this resistance only for those patients in whom this resistance is operative. This is where we need to move towards precision oncology", adds Dr Albanell.
The work was carried out in collaboration with researchers from the Barcelona Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB) and the Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), as well as the INCLIVA Health Research Institute in Valencia, and with the support of the Cellex Private Foundation, the Carlos III Health Institute and the Spanish Association Against Cancer.
Cancer immunotherapy at the IMIM
The application of immunotherapy is one of the strategic lines of cancer research being carried out at the IMIM-Hospital del Mar. There are currently several projects underway, with very encouraging results, aimed at validating ways to increase effectiveness or to determine new approaches to facilitate their application.
Reference article
Rivas, E.I., Linares, J., et al. Targeted immunotherapy against distinct cancer-associated fibroblasts overcomes treatment resistance in refractory HER2+ breast tumors. Nat Commun 13, 5310 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-022-32782-3
