Saccorhytus Philip Donoghue et al
Saccorhytus dorsal Philip Donoghue et al
Saccorhytus side-on Philip Donoghue et al
An international team of researchers have discovered that a mysterious microscopic creature from which humans were thought to descend is part of a different family tree.
Resembling an angry Minion, the Saccorhytus is a spikey, wrinkly sack, with a large mouth surrounded by spines and holes that were interpreted as pores for gills – a primitive feature of the deuterostome group, from which our own deep ancestors emerged.
However, extensive analysis of 500 million year old fossils from China has shown that the holes around the mouth are bases of spines that broke away during the preservation of the fossils, finally revealing the evolutionary affinity of the microfossil Saccorhytus.
"Some of the fossils are so perfectly preserved that they look almost alive," says Yunhuan Liu, professor in Palaeobiology at Chang'an University, Xi'an, China. "Saccorhytus was a curious beast, with a mouth but no anus, and rings of complex spines around its mouth."
The findings, published today in Nature, make important amendments to the early phylogenetic tree and the understanding of how life developed.
The true story of Saccorhytus' ancestry lies in the microscopic internal and external features of this tiny fossil. By taking hundreds of X-ray images at slightly different angles, with the help of powerful computers, a detailed 3D digital model of the fossil could be reconstructed. Researcher Emily Carlisle from the University of Bristol's School of Earth Sciences explained: "Fossils can be quite difficult to interpret and Saccorhytus is no exception. We had to use a synchrotron, a type of particle accelerator, as the basis for our analysis of the fossils. The synchrotron provides very intense X-Rays that can be used to take detailed images of the fossils. We took hundreds of X-Ray images at slightly different angles and used a supercomputer to create a 3D digital model of the fossils, which reveals the tiny features of its internal and external structures."
The digital models showed that pores around the mouth were closed by another body layer extending through, creating spines around the mouth. "We believe these would have helped Saccorhytus capture and process its prey," suggests Huaqiao Zhang from the Nanjing Institute of Geology and Palaeontology.
The researchers believe that Saccorhytus is in fact an ecdysoszoan: a group that contains arthropods and nematodes. "We considered lots of alternative groups that Saccorhytus might be related to, including the corals, anemones and jellyfish which also have a mouth but no anus," said Prof Philip Donoghue of University of Bristol's School of Earth Sciences, who co-led the study. "To resolve the problem our computational analysis compared the anatomy of Saccorhytus with all other living groups of animals, concluding a relationship with the arthropods and their kin, the group to which insects, crabs and roundworms belong."
Saccorhytus' lack of anus is an intriguing feature of this microscopic, ancient organism. Although the question that springs to mind is the alternative route of digestive waste (out of the mouth, rather undesirably), this feature is important for a fundamental reason of evolutionary biology. How the anus arose – and sometimes subsequently disappeared – contributes to the understanding of how animal bodyplans evolved. Moving Saccorhytus from deuterosome to ecdysozoan means striking a disappearing anus off the deuterosome case history, and adding it to the ecdysozoan one.
"This is a really unexpected result because the arthropod group have a through-gut, extending from mouth to anus. Saccorhytus's membership of the group indicates that it has regressed in evolutionary terms, dispensing with the anus its ancestors would have inherited," says Shuhai Xiao from Virgina Tech, USA, who co-led the study. "We still don't know the precise position of Saccorhytus within thetree of life but it may reflect the ancestral condition from which all members of this diverse group evolved."
The international team included researchers from the University of Bristol, Chang'an University (Xi'an, China), Nanjing Institute of Geology and Palaeontology (China), Chinese Academy of Sciences (Nanjing, China), Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences (Beijing, China), Shandong University (Qingdao, China), Swiss Light Source, Virginia Tech (USA) and First Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resource (Qingdao, China).
Paper:
'Saccorhytus is an early ecdysozoan and not the earliest deuterostome' by Philip Donoghue et al in Nature.
