Penn State College of Medicine researchers determined that misinformation on social media may affect parents' willingness to have their children vaccinated against human papillomavirus.
Image: Penn State
HERSHEY, Pa. - Studies by Penn State College of Medicine researchers demonstrate that misinformation on social media may affect parents' willingness to have their children vaccinated against human papillomavirus (HPV). They also found that some parents are in favor of establishing standards for combating HPV vaccine misinformation on social media.
Prior research conducted by the Pew Research Center showed that 72% of adults use social media, and many rely on it for news and information. However, misleading and inaccurate information is easily shared online and can be especially harmful when it comes to health-related issues.
Social media has an instrumental role in shaping public opinion, educating about HPV and overcoming hesitancy related to HPV vaccination. The researchers conducted two studies to assess how misinformation and social media messaging affect HPV vaccination efforts. In the first study, a group of investigators conducted an experimental comparison of vaccine-related tweets. In the second study, a team of researchers assessed parental support for implementing social media standards to combat misinformation.
Messaging about HPV vaccination
Multi-dose HPV vaccines are recommended to safeguard adolescents and young adults from contracting HPV, which can lead to cancer and genital warts. Despite the vaccine's safety, HPV vaccination rates fall below the nationwide goal of 80%. As of 2019, slightly more than half (54%) of all U.S. teens have been vaccinated - a far lower completion rate than that of other adolescent vaccines.
Modifying tweets that were posted June through July 2017, the researchers devised experimental Twitter messages to share with U.S. parents, who have children who are not yet fully vaccinated. Among the 1,206 participants, 54% were mothers, 73% were college-educated, and 52% had sons.
The research analyzed the messages based on the following criteria:
- Misinformation: Are messages factual?
- Source: Are tweets coming from a person or an organization?
- Narrative style: Do messages use storytelling or statistics?
- Topic: Is information about the effectiveness or safety of HPV vaccine conveyed online?
Parents reviewed randomly assigned tweets, and messages were assessed based on the following:
- Trust: Do parents trust social media messages?
- Motivation: Do tweets motivate parents to get their children vaccinated or do these messages contribute to vaccine hesitancy?
- Perceived risk: Do these messages make parents more or less concerned about their children's health and HPV-related diseases?
Among participants, 85% used social media, and according to the study's findings, misinformation affected their trust and perceived risk of HPV vaccines. As a result, misinformation on social media led to lower vaccine motivation. The researchers found that tweets without misinformation led to more parents wanting to have their children vaccinated against HPV.
"With the explosion of social media misinformation surrounding vaccines, there is a tremendous need to deliver best-practice communication to improve HPV vaccine confidence and uptake," said lead author and assistant professor William Calo from the College of Medicine's Department of Public Health Sciences and Penn State Cancer Institute. "Our study is among the first to identify which combination of messaging elements from tweets is most effective to motivate parents to get their children vaccinated against HPV."
According to the researcher's findings, parents trusted tweets from an organization more than those posted by a person. Messages that highlighted the vaccines' effectiveness spurred higher motivational responses for HPV vaccination than messages that focused on safety. Tweets that incorporated storytelling evoked higher perceived risk of HPV-related diseases than messages that relied on statistics.
The study demonstrates social media's important role in disseminating health-related information, according to the researchers. They noted that messages that evoked emotion and used storytelling were more likely to motivate parents. Findings from this study could help improve communication tactics to reduce vaccine hesitancy.
"Parents use social media for insight and guidance, so minimizing inaccurate information is critical to effectively convey positive messaging about HPV vaccination," Calo said. "Providing easy-to-understand facts from trustworthy sources can help improve eHealth literacy skills."
Guidelines for social media
In another study, researchers from Penn State College of Medicine sent a nationwide, online survey to parents to determine if they would support the implementation of social media standards to combat anti-vaccine content on social media.
In July and August 2019, the researchers asked parents a series of vaccine-related questions focusing on misinformation, conspiracy theories and exposure to social media content. Then, researchers proposed 10 standards that could be implemented on social media to curb inaccurate information. Out of the 1,073 parents, the majority (61%) had a child who received at least one dose of the HPV vaccine.
The researchers found that the majority (61%) favored establishing some form of online standards. Parents who already were in the process of having their child vaccinated were especially supportive and non-Hispanic Black and Hispanic parents were more likely to favor social media standards. These findings could help shape communication strategies and future outreach to vaccine-hesitant individuals.
"Social media companies are taking steps to tamp down vaccine misinformation, but they can do more," Calo said. "Our findings suggest favorable support for standards that social media sites can easily implement to combat vaccine misinformation."
Overall, parents supported less restrictive measures such as having information reviewed for accuracy before posting it online (51%) or making anti-vaccine content less common in newsfeeds (32%). Parental support was lower for preventing anti-vaccine searches (12%) or disabling accounts that post anti-vaccine content (16%).
Several platforms, such as Facebook and Pinterest, already have mechanisms in place to minimize misleading information about vaccines. Some sites will flag content that contains misinformation or add a disclaimer, but these practices don't prevent inaccurate information from circulating and reaching parents.
"Implementing social media standards can be a challenging process, but it is feasible," Calo said. "U.S.-based social media companies can restrict posts without violating freedom of speech because they are not government entities."
Anne-Marie Dyer of Penn State College of Medicine; Melissa Gilkey, Marjorie Margolis, Susan Alton Dailey and Noel Brewer of Gillings School of Global Public Health and Parth Shah of The Hutchinson Institute for Cancer Outcomes Research also contributed to the first research study. The Penn State authors on the first research study declare no conflicts of interest.
Katherine Spanos, Jennifer Kraschnewski, Jennifer Moss and Ashley Wong of Penn State College of Medicine also contributed to the second research study. The authors of the second research study declare the following financial interests/personal relationships, which may be considered as potential competing interests: Kraschnewski was principal investigator of a Penn State College of Medicine research grant awarded by Merck. The other authors of the second research study have no financial disclosures or potential conflicts of interest to report.
The first study was supported by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) (Grant #U48 DP005017-03S6) and a Cooperative Agreement from the CDC and the National Cancer Institute (Grant #U48 DP005017-01S8). The second study was supported by the American Cancer Society Institutional Research Grant (Grant #124171-IRG-13-043-01).
