Sudan's ruinous civil war is approaching its third year, leaving a legacy of malnutrition, massive population displacement and chronic insecurity. As the UN system prepares to launch a call for record funding of $4.2 billion to support aid operations in the country, here are some of the main things to know about what have been described as "the largest and most devasting displacement, humanitarian and protection crises in the world today".
1) The war: 2023 Khartoum clashes herald end of peace process
By the end of 2022, there were hopes that a UN- backed peace process would finally lead to a civilian administration in Sudan, after a tumultuous period which saw the fall of long-term dictator Omar al-Bashir in a military coup, followed by the harsh suppression of protests in favour of civilian rule.
"A final political agreement should pave the way towards building a democratic State", said former UN Special Representative for Sudan, Volker Perthes, in December 2022. Ominously, however, he warned that "critical contentious issues" remained, not least a merger of the Sudanese Armed Forces (SAF) and the Rapid Support Forces (RSF), separate military groups which had teamed up to depose al-Bashir.
Tensions between the two sides grew in early 2023, marked by intermittent clashes, but the start of the current civil war came with the RSF attack on the capital Khartoum on 15 April. The fighting, which then spread to other parts of the country, forced the UN to evacuate Khartoum, and base operations in the relatively stable city of Port Sudan, on the Red Sea.
On Friday, the Secretary-General, described the situation in Sudan as a catastrophe of "staggering scale and brutality" at the AU's high stakes annual meeting in Addis Ababa, the capital of Ethiopia, and warned that it is increasingly spilling into the wider region. The UN has strongly condemned the fighting, and the Secretary-General's Personal Envoy to Sudan, Ramtane Lamamra, continues to support peace efforts, in close collaboration with regional organizations, including the African Union (AU).
2) Humanitarian crisis: More than 30 million need aid
The war has been catastrophic for Sudan's civilians and the numbers are staggering. Some 30.4 million people - over two thirds of the total population - are in need of assistance, from health to food and other forms of humanitarian support. The fighting has led to an economic collapse, sending the prices of food, fuel and other basic goods soaring, putting them beyond the reach of many households.
Acute hunger is a growing problem. Over half the population faces high levels of acute food insecurity, and famine conditions have been confirmed in five locations in North Darfur and the eastern Nuba mountains. Famine is expected to spread to five more areas by May of this year.
"This is a critical moment, as the consequences of food insecurity are already being felt in parts of South Kordofan, where families are surviving on dangerously limited food supplies, and malnutrition rates are rising sharply," warned Clementine Nkweta-Salami, the UN Humanitarian Coordinator in Sudan.
Humanitarian efforts are severely hampered by the lack of security, which is putting severe constraints on humanitarian access, complicating the movement of supplies and endangering aid workers.
Despite the dangers, the UN and its humanitarian partners continue to reach vulnerable populations. The World Food Programme - the UN's emergency food aid agency - is saving thousands of lives every day and the Food and Agriculture Organisation ( FAO ) successfully distributed seeds to over half a million households during the planting season. In all, some 15.6 million people received at least one form of aid from the UN in 2024.
The country's health system is on its knees, with health facilities attacked and many health workers forced to flee. The World Health Organization and UN Children's Fund ( UNICEF ) are still operational, supporting immunization for cholera and malaria, and deploying mobile medical teams.
3) Massive displacement: Equivalent to the entire Swiss population
Huge numbers of people have been forced to flee their homes for areas of relative safety, both within Sudan and in neighbouring countries, adding to regional instability. Over three million people are classified as refugees, and almost nine million are internally displaced. The total displaced population is greater than the entire population of Switzerland.
Because of the shifting frontlines, there have been successive waves of displacement, making the task of reaching those in need increasingly complicated. The UN refugee agency, UNHCR , has described the situation in Sudan as "the largest as well as the fastest growing displacement crisis globally."
The displaced population, whether they remain in Sudan or have moved abroad, face reduced access to food, scarce natural resources and limited access to essential services. In addition, outbreaks of diseases such as cholera and measles are rampant in camps for refugees and internally displaced people.
Many of the surrounding nations have their own economic and security problems, and some are among the poorest in the world, with limited and overstretched services. Where possible, the UN migration agency ( IOM ) and UNHCR are protecting lives, supporting states hosting refugees, and ensuring that the needs of those fleeing are met with dignity.
4) Insecurity: Women and girls highly vulnerable
Over 18,800 civilians have been reported killed since the beginning of the conflict, and the levels of violence in Sudan are getting worse. At the beginning of February, at least 275 people were killed in just one week, a threefold increase on the previous week's death toll.
Civilians are being hit by artillery shelling, airstrikes and aerial drone attacks: the worst affected regions are South Kordofan and Blue Nile states. As well as the general population, aid workers have been targets of intimidation and violence, with reports that some have been falsely accused of collaborating with the RSF.
A UN fact-finding mission has documented a range of harrowing human rights violations committed by both the SAF and RSF, and called for investigations into the violations, and for the perpetrators to be brought to justice.
In an interview with UN News, Edmore Tondhlana, the deputy head of the UN humanitarian office ( OCHA ), explained that women and girls are the most severely impacted by the conflict, with reports of rape, forced marriage and abductions. "If you look at the recent attack in South Kordofan, in which about 79 people were killed, the majority of victims were women and girls."
However, teenage boys are also at high risk. "They cannot easily travel between frontlines. They will be suspected of spying," added Mr. Tondhlana. Large numbers of children have been recruited into armed groups, forced to fight or spy against the other side.
5) Funding: Billions needed
A lack of sufficient funds is severely limiting the UN's ability to help Sudan's population. UNHCR and partners have been able to provide less than the bare minimum of support for refugees, and food rations have been drastically cut, adding to food insecurity.
On Monday, OCHA and UNHCR will launch an appeal for funding, based on their respective response plans to the crisis. Humanitarian needs have been estimated at a record (for Sudan) $4.2 billion, with an additional $1.8 billion needed to support those hosting refugees in neighbouring countries.
Whilst the amount needed might seem large, Mr. Tondhlana emphasizes that, given the numbers in dire need, it barely scratches the surface. "We're trying to reach 21 million people, so this essentially $200 per person over the whole year. If we break it down even further, this is around $.0.50 per day.
