Amid alarming reports of sexual violence being used as a weapon of terror across Sudan, UN reproductive health agency, UNFPA, is warning that over 12 million women and girls - and increasingly men and boys - are estimated to be at risk.
It is nearly two years since the brutal war between the forces of the military government in Khartoum and the Rapid Support Forces militia erupted, sparking one of the world's worst humanitarian crises.
Human rights abuses have been committed on both sides and more than 30.4 million Sudanese require urgent assistance, with millions displaced, and tens of thousands killed. Nearly 25 million people face acute hunger.
According to the UN Children's Fund, UNICEF , there have been increasing and alarming reports of sexual violence being used to terrorise civilians.
Layla's story
In late 2024, in the northern state of Sudan, armed men forced their way into Layla's* home in Khartoum, the capital of Sudan, while she was alone with her children. "They arrested my son and took me to a separate car. I noticed they were looking at my daughter in a disturbing way - she's 18 years old. Probably they took me away to keep her alone.", she told UNFPA .
Layla's fears for her daughter were a precursor of what she would later confront at an overcrowded prison, where she was held for nearly three weeks.
'Unimaginable horrors'
Recounting that they brought her son back and started beating him in front of her, Layla added that they interrogated her, accused her of being a spy and claimed that her husband was working for the army.
Although the Sudanese army has recently retaken strategic areas of Khartoum, at that time opposition paramilitary forces were in control. Layla described being strip-searched, beaten and detained without charge.
"I witnessed unimaginable horrors," she said. "When the officers left, the soldiers would begin raping prisoners. They would take young women out into the yard, and all night long we would hear the screams of girls and women."
Over 12 million women and girls - and increasingly men and boys - are estimated to be at risk of assault, an 80 per cent increase from the previous year.
A growing health crisis
Since the outbreak of the war in April 2023, the situation has worsened dramatically, with almost 13 million people forcibly displaced - nearly one third of the population - and the health system all but obliterated .
Across Sudan, UNFPA is providing reproductive health and protection services through 90 mobile health teams, more than 120 health facilities, and 51 safe spaces for survivors of sexual violence.
This assistance includes clinical treatment and psychological counselling following rape, sexual abuse and assault, as well as referrals for legal assistance and awareness raising among communities of the risks of sexual violence, coercion and trafficking.
At a UNFPA-supported safe space, Layla explained how she struggled to endure the ordeal in prison. "One day, a 16-year-old girl was brought back to the cell, bleeding heavily," she recalled. "She came to me, hugged me, and we cried together for an entire day."
After nine days in prison, Layla stopped eating and drinking, hoping to die instead of being raped as well. Eventually becoming very sick, Layla was released.
Although Layla and the young survivor were able to find physical and mental health support through the safe space, they are not among the majority.
According to UNFPA, there have been more than 540 attacks on health facilities reported over the last two years, supplies and equipment are frequently looted, and health workers, patients and ambulances are targeted with violence and intimidation.
'No longer safe havens'
Maha Mahmoud, a social worker at a UNFPA-supported safe space in Dongola in Northern State, said health facilities are no longer safe havens.
"I was informed that a young woman had been raped at a maternity hospital," she told UNFPA. "She's 18, divorced with one daughter and had been living with her family when opposition forces entered her area. They took her, along with many other women, and raped them."
"She lost consciousness. When she woke up, she found herself surrounded by other girls, all of whom had also been raped. They were then left in the street."
The woman would later discover she was pregnant. "She made her way to the safe space, where we provided her with psychological support and all the necessary medical care," said Ms. Mahmoud, adding that the woman and her baby are slowly recovering. "Since then, we have continued to help her cope with the trauma."
